澜子我终于重回博客界了，虽然说在协会开设课程中关于Tensorflow的部分已经完全PU JIE，但是（划重点），本篇博客里还是有满满的干货滴。

本篇博客涉及到的几个重要的API分别是：tf.estimator, tf.feature_column, tf.data, tf.metrics, tf.image。

本篇的主要内容就是融合了上述中高阶API，基于MNIST数据集，实现最基本的分类问题，让我们一起愉快滴SAY HELLO TO DEEP LEARNING

先看看一些参考资料

• 先甩出 Tensorflow官网的API文档
• 再甩出 tf.estimator官方教程
• 澜子前期关于 tf.data 和 tf.metrics 的教程
• 本篇博客的所有代码都已经传到 澜子的github 啦，欢迎follow和star啊喂
• 强烈建议大家点开看一下，因为是用jupyter notebook，所以每一个代码块都有对应的输出，还有我自己写的一些注释，应该还是很好理解的

先大致看一眼澜子github上的readme

代码结构

|--tensorflow_estimator_learn               
    |--data_csv
        |--mnist_test.csv
        |--mnist_train.csv
        |--mnist_val.csv
        
    |--images
        |--ZJUAI_2018_AUT
        |--ZJUAI_2018_AUT

    |--tmp
        |--ZJUAI_2018_AUT
        |--ZJUAI_2018_AUT
        
    |--CNNClassifier.jpynb
    
    |--CNNClassifier_dataset.jpynb    
    
    |--CNN_raw.jpynb    
    
    |--DNNClassifier.jpynb    
    
    |--DNNClassifier_dataset.jpynb    

data_csv

data_csv文件中存放了MNSIT原始csv文件，分为验证、训练、测试三个部分

images

images文件中存放了jupyter notebook中所涉及的一些图片

tmp

tmp 文件中存放了一些临时代码

CNNClassifier.jpynb

未采用tf.dataAPI的自定义estimator实现

CNNClassifier_dataset.jpynb

采用tf.dataAPI的自定义estimator实现

CNN_raw.jpynb

未采用高阶API的 搭建CNN实现MNIST分类

DNNClassifier.jpynb

未采用tf.dataAPI的预制sestimator实现

DNNClassifier_dataset.jpynb

采用tf.dataAPI的预制estimator实现

简单瞅瞅estimator的地位

tf.estimator是TensorFlow里封装性很好的高级API，之所以要用tf.estimator，是因为运用高级API可以很好地减少我们的代码量。当然也可能因为高级API的高封装性带来一些使用上的不灵活性。

estimator

我们具体要怎么用呢

让我们一起来看图说话

dataflow

• 创建数据集输入函数 input_fn
• 定义特征列 tf.feature_column
• 实例化estimator tf.estimator.DNNClassifier
• 训练 / 验证 / 测试 model.train()/eval()/test()

需要注意的地方

• 本篇博客没有采用图中所示的 Pre-made estimators 而是采用了自定义的 Custom Estimators，不同点在于是否需要定义自己的 model_fn
• 关于 Pre-made estimators的用法，我也放在了github上，大噶也可以去看看。
  estimator

简单瞅一眼数据流

下面的图表直接显示了本次MNIST例子的数据流向，共有2个卷积层，每一层卷积之后采用最大池化进行下采样（图中并未画出），最后接2个全连接层，实现对MNIST数据集的分类

flow

不说闲话了，CODE走起

STEP 0：前期准备工作

• 导入各种库

%matplotlib inline
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import multiprocessing

from tensorflow import data
from tensorflow.python.feature_column import feature_column

tf.__version__

• 导入MNIST数据集及基本参数定义

TRAIN_DATA_FILES_PATTERN = 'data_csv/mnist_train.csv'
VAL_DATA_FILES_PATTERN = 'data_csv/mnist_val.csv'
TEST_DATA_FILES_PATTERN = 'data_csv/mnist_test.csv'

MULTI_THREADING = True
RESUME_TRAINING = False

NUM_CLASS = 10
IMG_SHAPE = [28,28]

IMG_WIDTH = 28
IMG_HEIGHT = 28
IMG_FLAT = 784
NUM_CHANNEL = 1

BATCH_SIZE = 128
NUM_TRAIN = 55000
NUM_VAL = 5000
NUM_TEST = 10000

train_data = pd.read_csv(TRAIN_DATA_FILES_PATTERN, header=None)
test_data = pd.read_csv(TEST_DATA_FILES_PATTERN, header=None)
val_data = pd.read_csv(VAL_DATA_FILES_PATTERN, header=None)

train_values = train_data.values
train_data = train_values[:,1:]/255.0
train_label = train_values[:,0:1].squeeze()

val_values = val_data.values
val_data = val_values[:,1:]/255.0
val_label = val_values[:,0:1].squeeze()

test_values = test_data.values
test_data = test_values[:,1:]/255.0
test_label = test_values[:,0:1].squeeze()

STEP 1：创建数据集输入函数 input_fn

• 输入函数根据需要以任何方式生成features字典和label列表。官方建议使用Tensorflow的Dataset API

• 甩一张dataset的图瞅瞅

  dataset

# validate tf.data.TextLineDataset() using make_one_shot_iterator()

def decode_line(line):
    # Decode the csv_line to tensor.
    record_defaults = [[1.0] for col in range(785)]
    items = tf.decode_csv(line, record_defaults)
    features = items[1:785]
    label = items[0]

    features = tf.cast(features, tf.float32)
    features = tf.reshape(features,[28,28,1])
    features = tf.image.flip_left_right(features)
#     print('features_aug',features_aug)
    label = tf.cast(label, tf.int64)
#     label = tf.one_hot(label,num_class)
    return features,label

def csv_input_fn(files_name_pattern, mode=tf.estimator.ModeKeys.TRAIN, 
                 skip_header_lines=1, 
                 num_epochs=None, 
                 batch_size=128):
    shuffle = True if mode == tf.estimator.ModeKeys.TRAIN else False
        
    num_threads = multiprocessing.cpu_count() if MULTI_THREADING else 1
     
    print("")
    print("* data input_fn:")
    print("================")
    print("Input file(s): {}".format(files_name_pattern))
    print("Batch size: {}".format(batch_size))
    print("Epoch Count: {}".format(num_epochs))
    print("Mode: {}".format(mode))
    print("Thread Count: {}".format(num_threads))
    print("Shuffle: {}".format(shuffle))
    print("================")
    print("")

    file_names = tf.matching_files(files_name_pattern)
    dataset = data.TextLineDataset(filenames=file_names).skip(1)
#     dataset = tf.data.TextLineDataset(filenames).skip(1)
    print("DATASET",dataset)

    # Use `Dataset.map()` to build a pair of a feature dictionary and a label
    # tensor for each example.
    dataset = dataset.map(decode_line)
    print("DATASET_1",dataset)
    dataset = dataset.shuffle(buffer_size=10000)
    print("DATASET_2",dataset)
    dataset = dataset.batch(32)
    print("DATASET_3",dataset)
    dataset = dataset.repeat(num_epochs)
    print("DATASET_4",dataset)
    iterator = dataset.make_one_shot_iterator()
    
    # `features` is a dictionary in which each value is a batch of values for
    # that feature; `labels` is a batch of labels.
    features, labels = iterator.get_next()
    
    features = {'images':features}
    
    return features,labels

注意

• 在函数decode_line(line)中的features = tf.image.flip_left_right(features)，即应用tf.image完成了对CSV文件中解析得到的张量数据的增广操作，当然，你还可以根据需要运用tf.image增加不同的数据增广的操作。
• 推荐使用tfrecord格式的数据，虽然本篇博客没有用，但是tfrecord确实可以大大加快TensorFlow数据处理的速度。

STEP 2：定义feature_column

关于feature_column，大家可以去官网看看文档，有好几种类型的feature_column，我们需要根据数据的不同格式，定义不同的feature_column，本篇博客只用到了数值型的feature_column.

feature_x = tf.feature_column.numeric_column('images', shape=IMG_SHAPE)
feature_columns = [feature_x]

重头戏之model_fn

正如前文所展示的数据流，我们希望搭建一个含有两个卷积层和两个全连接层的卷积神经网络，而预制的estimator无法实现我们的需求，所以我们需要自己定义对应的model_fn，从而达到我们的预期，代码如下。

def model_fn(features, labels, mode, params):
    # Args:
    #
    # features: This is the x-arg from the input_fn.
    # labels:   This is the y-arg from the input_fn,
    #           see e.g. train_input_fn for these two.
    # mode:     Either TRAIN, EVAL, or PREDICT
    # params:   User-defined hyper-parameters, e.g. learning-rate.
    
    # Reference to the tensor named "x" in the input-function.
#     x = features["images"]
    x = tf.feature_column.input_layer(features, params['feature_columns'])
    # The convolutional layers expect 4-rank tensors
    # but x is a 2-rank tensor, so reshape it.
    net = tf.reshape(x, [-1, IMG_HEIGHT, IMG_WIDTH, NUM_CHANNEL])    

    # First convolutional layer.
    net = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs=net, name='layer_conv1',
                           filters=16, kernel_size=5,
                           padding='same', activation=tf.nn.relu)
    net = tf.layers.max_pooling2d(inputs=net, pool_size=2, strides=2)

    # Second convolutional layer.
    net = tf.layers.conv2d(inputs=net, name='layer_conv2',
                           filters=36, kernel_size=5,
                           padding='same', activation=tf.nn.relu)
    net = tf.layers.max_pooling2d(inputs=net, pool_size=2, strides=2)    

    # Flatten to a 2-rank tensor.
    net = tf.contrib.layers.flatten(net)
    # Eventually this should be replaced with:
    # net = tf.layers.flatten(net)

    # First fully-connected / dense layer.
    # This uses the ReLU activation function.
    net = tf.layers.dense(inputs=net, name='layer_fc1',
                          units=128, activation=tf.nn.relu)    

    # Second fully-connected / dense layer.
    # This is the last layer so it does not use an activation function.
    net = tf.layers.dense(inputs=net, name='layer_fc2',
                          units=10)

    # Logits output of the neural network.
    logits = net

    # Softmax output of the neural network.
    y_pred = tf.nn.softmax(logits=logits)
    
    # Classification output of the neural network.
    y_pred_cls = tf.argmax(y_pred, axis=1)

    if mode == tf.estimator.ModeKeys.PREDICT:
        # If the estimator is supposed to be in prediction-mode
        # then use the predicted class-number that is output by
        # the neural network. Optimization etc. is not needed.
        spec = tf.estimator.EstimatorSpec(mode=mode,
                                          predictions=y_pred_cls)
    else:
        # Otherwise the estimator is supposed to be in either
        # training or evaluation-mode. Note that the loss-function
        # is also required in Evaluation mode.
        
        # Define the loss-function to be optimized, by first
        # calculating the cross-entropy between the output of
        # the neural network and the true labels for the input data.
        # This gives the cross-entropy for each image in the batch.
        cross_entropy = tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=labels,
                                                                       logits=logits)

        # Reduce the cross-entropy batch-tensor to a single number
        # which can be used in optimization of the neural network.
        loss = tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy)

        # Define the optimizer for improving the neural network.
        optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=params["learning_rate"])

        # Get the TensorFlow op for doing a single optimization step.
        train_op = optimizer.minimize(
            loss=loss, global_step=tf.train.get_global_step())

        # Define the evaluation metrics,
        # in this case the classification accuracy.
        metrics = \
        {
            "accuracy": tf.metrics.accuracy(labels, y_pred_cls)
        }

        # Wrap all of this in an EstimatorSpec.
        spec = tf.estimator.EstimatorSpec(
            mode=mode,
            loss=loss,
            train_op=train_op,
            eval_metric_ops=metrics)
        
    return spec

注意

• model_fn的定义有固定的标准，包括其对应的输入参数以及返回参数
• model_fn定义了模型的网络结构，损失函数，优化函数及评估参数等一系列指标，大家根据可以根据自身需求相应的增删

STEP 3：实例化Estimator

• params部分可以进行个性化配置
• model_fn 即是刚刚我们定义的model_fn
• model_dir 是我们的模型和log的保存路径

params = {"learning_rate": 1e-4,
         'feature_columns': feature_columns}

model = tf.estimator.Estimator(model_fn=model_fn,
                               params=params,
                               model_dir="./cnn_classifer_dataset/")

STEP 4：激动人心的训练/验证/测试来啦

在第四部分，我们只需要简单调用train,evaluate,predict 方法，就可以实现对模型的训练、验证和测试啦

愉快训练吧

input_fn = lambda: csv_input_fn(\
                                files_name_pattern= TRAIN_DATA_FILES_PATTERN,mode=tf.estimator.ModeKeys.TRAIN)
# Train the Model
model.train(input_fn, steps=2000)

验证一下看看

input_fn = lambda: csv_input_fn(files_name_pattern= VAL_DATA_FILES_PATTERN,mode=tf.estimator.ModeKeys.EVAL)

model.evaluate(input_fn,steps=1)

最终测试测试

import itertools

input_fn = lambda: csv_input_fn(\
                                files_name_pattern= TEST_DATA_FILES_PATTERN,mode=tf.estimator.ModeKeys.PREDICT,batch_size=10)

predictions = list(itertools.islice(model.predict(input_fn=input_fn),10))
print('PREDICTIONS',predictions)

终于是要写完了，时隔多月，再次复出，呕心沥血之作。当然，遇到什么问题，记得留言告诉我哈，如果我没有回复你，说明我不会，23333。不过在澜子有时间的情况下，我一定会好好看的。