Given an undirected graph
, return true
if and only if it is bipartite.
Recall that a graph is bipartite if we can split it’s set of nodes into two independent subsets A and B such that every edge in the graph has one node in A and another node in B.
The graph is given in the following form: graph[i]
is a list of indexes j
for which the edge between nodes i
and j
exists. Each node is an integer between 0
and graph.length - 1
. There are no self edges or parallel edges: graph[i]
does not contain i
, and it doesn’t contain any element twice.
Example 1: Input: [[1,3], [0,2], [1,3], [0,2]] Output: true Explanation: The graph looks like this: 0----1 | | | | 3----2 We can divide the vertices into two groups: {0, 2} and {1, 3}.
Example 2: Input: [[1,2,3], [0,2], [0,1,3], [0,2]] Output: false Explanation: The graph looks like this: 0----1 | \ | | \ | 3----2 We cannot find a way to divide the set of nodes into two independent subsets.
Note:
graph
will have length in range[1, 100]
.graph[i]
will contain integers in range[0, graph.length - 1]
.graph[i]
will not containi
or duplicate values.- The graph is undirected: if any element
j
is ingraph[i]
, theni
will be ingraph[j]
.
这道题博主在最开始做的时候,看了半天,愣是没弄懂输出数据的意思,博主开始以为给的是边,后来发现跟图对应不上,就懵逼了,后来是通过研究论坛上大神们的解法,才总算搞懂了题目的意思,原来输入数组中的graph[i],表示顶点i所有相邻的顶点,比如对于例子1来说,顶点0和顶点1,3相连,顶点1和顶点0,2相连,顶点2和结点1,3相连,顶点3和顶点0,2相连。这道题让我们验证给定的图是否是二分图,所谓二分图,就是可以将图中的所有顶点分成两个不相交的集合,使得同一个集合的顶点不相连。为了验证是否有这样的两个不相交的集合存在,我们采用一种很机智的染色法,大体上的思路是要将相连的两个顶点染成不同的颜色,一旦在染的过程中发现有两连的两个顶点已经被染成相同的颜色,说明不是二分图。这里我们使用两种颜色,分别用1和-1来表示,初始时每个顶点用0表示未染色,然后遍历每一个顶点,如果该顶点未被访问过,则调用递归函数,如果返回false,那么说明不是二分图,则直接返回false。如果循环退出后没有返回false,则返回true。在递归函数中,如果当前顶点已经染色,如果该顶点的颜色和将要染的颜色相同,则返回true,否则返回false。如果没被染色,则将当前顶点染色,然后再遍历与该顶点相连的所有的顶点,调用递归函数,如果返回false了,则当前递归函数的返回false,循环结束返回true,参见代码如下:
解法一:
class Solution { public: bool isBipartite(vector<vector<int>>& graph) { vector<int> colors(graph.size()); for (int i = 0; i < graph.size(); ++i) { if (colors[i] == 0 && !valid(graph, 1, i, colors)) { return false; } } return true; } bool valid(vector<vector<int>>& graph, int color, int cur, vector<int>& colors) { if (colors[cur] != 0) return colors[cur] == color; colors[cur] = color; for (int i : graph[cur]) { if (!valid(graph, -1 * color, i, colors)) { return false; } } return true; } };
我们再来看一种迭代的解法,整体思路还是一样的,还是遍历整个顶点,如果未被染色,则先染色为1,然后使用BFS进行遍历,将当前顶点放入队列queue中,然后while循环queue不为空,取出队首元素,遍历其所有相邻的顶点,如果相邻顶点未被染色,则染成和当前顶点相反的颜色,然后把相邻顶点加入queue中,否则如果当前顶点和相邻顶点颜色相同,直接返回false,循环退出后返回true,参见代码如下:
解法二:
class Solution { public: bool isBipartite(vector<vector<int>>& graph) { vector<int> colors(graph.size()); for (int i = 0; i < graph.size(); ++i) { if (colors[i] != 0) continue; colors[i] = 1; queue<int> q{{i}}; while (!q.empty()) { int t = q.front(); q.pop(); for (auto a : graph[t]) { if (colors[a] == colors[t]) return false; if (colors[a] == 0) { colors[a] = -1 * colors[t]; q.push(a); } } } } return true; } };
其实这道题还可以使用并查集Union Find来做,所谓的并查集,简单来说,就是归类,将同一集合的元素放在一起。详细的讲解可以参见 Possible Bipartition 的解法三,基本上跟这道题是一摸一样,参见代码如下:
解法三:
class Solution { public: bool isBipartite(vector<vector<int>>& graph) { vector<int> root(graph.size()); for (int i = 0; i < graph.size(); ++i) root[i] = i; for (int i = 0; i < graph.size(); ++i) { if (graph[i].empty()) continue; int x = find(root, i), y = find(root, graph[i][0]); if (x == y) return false; for (int j = 1; j < graph[i].size(); ++j) { int parent = find(root, graph[i][j]); if (x == parent) return false; root[parent] = y; } } return true; } int find(vector<int>& root, int i) { return root[i] == i ? i : find(root, root[i]); } };
类似题目:
参考资料:
https://leetcode.com/problems/is-graph-bipartite/