Given a non negative integer number num. For every numbers i in the range 0 ≤ i ≤ num calculate the number of 1’s in their binary representation and return them as an array.
Example:
For num = 5
you should return [0,1,1,2,1,2]
.
Follow up:
- It is very easy to come up with a solution with run time O(n*sizeof(integer)). But can you do it in linear time O(n) /possibly in a single pass?
- Space complexity should be O(n).
- Can you do it like a boss? Do it without using any builtin function like __builtin_popcount in c++ or in any other language.
Hint:
- You should make use of what you have produced already.
- Divide the numbers in ranges like [2-3], [4-7], [8-15] and so on. And try to generate new range from previous.
- Or does the odd/even status of the number help you in calculating the number of 1s?
Credits:
Special thanks to @ syedee for adding this problem and creating all test cases.
这道题给我们一个整数n,然我们统计从0到n每个数的二进制写法的1的个数,存入一个一维数组中返回,题目中明确表示不希望我们一个数字一个数字,一位一位的傻算,而是希望我们找出规律,而且题目中也提示了我们注意[2-3], [4-7], [8-15]这些区间的规律,那么我们写出0到15的数的二进制和1的个数如下:
0 0000 0 ------------- 1 0001 1 ------------- 2 0010 1 3 0011 2 ------------- 4 0100 1 5 0101 2 6 0110 2 7 0111 3 ------------- 8 1000 1 9 1001 2 10 1010 2 11 1011 3 12 1100 2 13 1101 3 14 1110 3 15 1111 4
我最先看出的规律是这样的,除去前两个数字0个1,从2开始,2和3,是[21, 22)区间的,值为1和2。而4到7属于[22, 23)区间的,值为1,2,2,3,前半部分1和2和上一区间相同,2和3是上面的基础上每个数字加1。再看8到15,属于[23, 24)区间的,同样满足上述规律,所以可以写出代码如下:
解法一:
class Solution { public: vector<int> countBits(int num) { if (num == 0) return {0}; vector<int> res{0, 1}; int k = 2, i = 2; while (i <= num) { for (i = pow(2, k - 1); i < pow(2, k); ++i) { if (i > num) break; int t = (pow(2, k) - pow(2, k - 1)) / 2; if (i < pow(2, k - 1) + t) res.push_back(res[i - t]); else res.push_back(res[i - t] + 1); } ++k; } return res; } };
下面来看一种投机取巧的方法,直接利用了built-in的函数bitset的count函数可以直接返回1的个数,题目中说了不提倡用这种方法,写出来只是多一种思路而已:
解法二:
class Solution { public: vector<int> countBits(int num) { vector<int> res; for (int i = 0; i <= num; ++i) { res.push_back(bitset<32>(i).count()); } return res; } };
下面这种方法相比第一种方法就要简洁很多了,这个规律找的更好,规律是,从1开始,遇到偶数时,其1的个数和该偶数除以2得到的数字的1的个数相同,遇到奇数时,其1的个数等于该奇数除以2得到的数字的1的个数再加1,参见代码如下:
解法三:
class Solution { public: vector<int> countBits(int num) { vector<int> res{0}; for (int i = 1; i <= num; ++i) { if (i % 2 == 0) res.push_back(res[i / 2]); else res.push_back(res[i / 2] + 1); } return res; } };
下面这种方法就更加巧妙了,巧妙的利用了i&(i – 1), 这个本来是用来判断一个数是否是2的指数的快捷方法,比如8,二进制位1000, 那么8&(8-1)为0,只要为0就是2的指数, 那么我们现在来看一下0到15的数字和其对应的i&(i – 1)值:
i bin '1' i&(i-1) 0 0000 0 ----------------------- 1 0001 1 0000 ----------------------- 2 0010 1 0000 3 0011 2 0010 ----------------------- 4 0100 1 0000 5 0101 2 0100 6 0110 2 0100 7 0111 3 0110 ----------------------- 8 1000 1 0000 9 1001 2 1000 10 1010 2 1000 11 1011 3 1010 12 1100 2 1000 13 1101 3 1100 14 1110 3 1100 15 1111 4 1110
我们可以发现每个i值都是i&(i-1)对应的值加1,这样我们就可以写出代码如下:
解法四:
class Solution { public: vector<int> countBits(int num) { vector<int> res(num + 1, 0); for (int i = 1; i <= num; ++i) { res[i] = res[i & (i - 1)] + 1; } return res; } };
参考资料:
https://leetcode.com/discuss/92796/four-lines-c-time-o-n-space-o-1
https://leetcode.com/discuss/92694/my-408-ms-c-solution-using-bitset
https://leetcode.com/discuss/92698/my-448ms-c-easy-solution-o-n-time-and-o-n-space