注：本文大部分内容来自安卓开发者网站：https://developer.android.com/guide/components/bound-services.html
创建提供绑定的服务时，您必须提供 IBinder，用以提供客户端用来与服务进行交互的编程接口。 您可以通过三种方法定义接口：
一. 扩展 Binder 类
如果服务是供您的自有应用专用，并且在与客户端相同的进程中运行（常见情况），则应通过扩展 Binder 类并从 onBind() 返回它的一个实例来创建接口。客户端收到 Binder 后，可利用它直接访问 Binder 实现中乃至 Service 中可用的公共方法。
如果服务只是您的自有应用的后台工作线程，则优先采用这种方法。 不以这种方式创建接口的唯一原因是，您的服务被其他应用或不同的进程占用。
- 优点：使用简单
- 缺点：服务与客户端在只能在同一个进程中运行，不支持跨进程调用；服务端无法调用客户端的方法
使用场景：不需要执行跨越不同应用的并发 IPC
示例代码如下
服务端：
public class MessengerService extends Service {
/** Command to the service to display a message */
static final int MSG_SAY_HELLO = 1;
/** * Handler of incoming messages from clients. */
class IncomingHandler extends Handler {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
switch (msg.what) {
case MSG_SAY_HELLO:
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "hello!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
break;
default:
super.handleMessage(msg);
}
}
}
/** * Target we publish for clients to send messages to IncomingHandler. */
final Messenger mMessenger = new Messenger(new IncomingHandler());
/** * When binding to the service, we return an interface to our messenger * for sending messages to the service. */
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "binding", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
return mMessenger.getBinder();
}
}
客户端：
public class ActivityMessenger extends Activity {
/** Messenger for communicating with the service. */
Messenger mService = null;
/** Flag indicating whether we have called bind on the service. */
boolean mBound;
/** * Class for interacting with the main interface of the service. */
private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) {
// This is called when the connection with the service has been
// established, giving us the object we can use to
// interact with the service. We are communicating with the
// service using a Messenger, so here we get a client-side
// representation of that from the raw IBinder object.
mService = new Messenger(service);
mBound = true;
}
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) {
// This is called when the connection with the service has been
// unexpectedly disconnected -- that is, its process crashed.
mService = null;
mBound = false;
}
};
public void sayHello(View v) {
if (!mBound) return;
// Create and send a message to the service, using a supported 'what' value
Message msg = Message.obtain(null, MessengerService.MSG_SAY_HELLO, 0, 0);
try {
mService.send(msg);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
}
@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
// Bind to the service
bindService(new Intent(this, MessengerService.class), mConnection,
Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop();
// Unbind from the service
if (mBound) {
unbindService(mConnection);
mBound = false;
}
}
}
二. 使用 Messenger
如需让接口跨不同的进程工作，则可使用 Messenger 为服务创建接口。服务可以这种方式定义对应于不同类型 Message 对象的 Handler。此 Handler 是 Messenger 的基础，后者随后可与客户端分享一个 IBinder，从而让客户端能利用 Message 对象向服务发送命令。此外，客户端还可定义自有 Messenger，以便服务回传消息。
这是执行进程间通信 (IPC) 的最简单方法，因为 Messenger 会在单一线程中创建包含所有请求的队列，这样您就不必对服务进行线程安全设计。
- 优点：使用简单，不用考虑线程同步问题；服务端与客户端可双向通信（都通过Messenger）
- 缺点：服务端一次只能处理一个请求
使用场景：想执行 IPC，但根本不需要处理多线程
示例代码如下
服务端：
public class LocalService extends Service {
// Binder given to clients
private final IBinder mBinder = new LocalBinder();
// Random number generator
private final Random mGenerator = new Random();
/** * Class used for the client Binder. Because we know this service always * runs in the same process as its clients, we don't need to deal with IPC. */
public class LocalBinder extends Binder {
LocalService getService() {
// Return this instance of LocalService so clients can call public methods
return LocalService.this;
}
}
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
return mBinder;
}
/** method for clients */
public int getRandomNumber() {
return mGenerator.nextInt(100);
}
}
客户端：
public class BindingActivity extends Activity {
LocalService mService;
boolean mBound = false;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
}
@Override
protected void onStart() {
super.onStart();
// Bind to LocalService
Intent intent = new Intent(this, LocalService.class);
bindService(intent, mConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
}
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop();
// Unbind from the service
if (mBound) {
unbindService(mConnection);
mBound = false;
}
}
/** Called when a button is clicked (the button in the layout file attaches to * this method with the android:onClick attribute) */
public void onButtonClick(View v) {
if (mBound) {
// Call a method from the LocalService.
// However, if this call were something that might hang, then this request should
// occur in a separate thread to avoid slowing down the activity performance.
int num = mService.getRandomNumber();
Toast.makeText(this, "number: " + num, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
/** Defines callbacks for service binding, passed to bindService() */
private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
@Override
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className,
IBinder service) {
// We've bound to LocalService, cast the IBinder and get LocalService instance
LocalBinder binder = (LocalBinder) service;
mService = binder.getService();
mBound = true;
}
@Override
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName arg0) {
mBound = false;
}
};
}
三.使用 AIDL
AIDL（Android 接口定义语言）执行所有将对象分解成原语的工作，操作系统可以识别这些原语并将它们编组到各进程中，以执行 IPC。 之前采用 Messenger 的方法实际上是以 AIDL 作为其底层结构。 如上所述，Messenger 会在单一线程中创建包含所有客户端请求的队列，以便服务一次接收一个请求。 不过，如果您想让服务同时处理多个请求，则可直接使用 AIDL。 在此情况下，您的服务必须具备多线程处理能力，并采用线程安全式设计。
如需直接使用 AIDL，您必须创建一个定义编程接口的 .aidl 文件。Android SDK 工具利用该文件生成一个实现接口并处理 IPC 的抽象类，您随后可在服务内对其进行扩展。
注：大多数应用“都不会”使用 AIDL 来创建绑定服务，因为它可能要求具备多线程处理能力，并可能导致实现的复杂性增加。因此，AIDL 并不适合大多数应用
- 优点：服务端一次可同时处理多个请求；客户端与服务端可双向通信
- 缺点：使用复杂，并且服务端必须要考虑线程安全
使用场景：允许不同应用的客户端用 IPC 方式访问服务，并且想要在服务中处理多线程时，才有必要使用 AIDL
示例代码如下
定义aidl文件和接口：
// IRemoteService.aidl
package com.example.android;
// Declare any non-default types here with import statements
/** Example service interface */
interface IRemoteService {
/** Request the process ID of this service, to do evil things with it. */
int getPid();
/** Demonstrates some basic types that you can use as parameters * and return values in AIDL. */
void basicTypes(int anInt, long aLong, boolean aBoolean, float aFloat,
double aDouble, String aString);
}
实现接口：
public class RemoteService extends Service {
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
}
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
// Return the interface
return mBinder;
}
private final IRemoteService.Stub mBinder = new IRemoteService.Stub() {
public int getPid(){
return Process.myPid();
}
public void basicTypes(int anInt, long aLong, boolean aBoolean,
float aFloat, double aDouble, String aString) {
// Does nothing
}
};
}
客户端调用：
IRemoteService mIRemoteService;
private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
// Called when the connection with the service is established
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) {
// Following the example above for an AIDL interface,
// this gets an instance of the IRemoteInterface, which we can use to call on the service
mIRemoteService = IRemoteService.Stub.asInterface(service);
}
// Called when the connection with the service disconnects unexpectedly
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) {
Log.e(TAG, "Service has unexpectedly disconnected");
mIRemoteService = null;
}
};
总结：
只有允许不同应用的客户端用 IPC 方式访问服务，并且想要在服务中处理多线程时，才有必要使用 AIDL；如果您不需要执行跨越不同应用的并发 IPC，就应该通过实现一个 Binder 创建接口；或者，如果您想执行 IPC，但根本不需要处理多线程，则使用 Messenger 类来实现接口。
