局域网中的局域网
什么是局域网或局域网？ (What is a LAN or Local Area Network?)
The local area network (or LAN, which stands for local area network), or even local network is a computer network used to interconnect processing equipment for the purpose of data exchange. A more accurate term would be: is a set of hardware and software that allows individual computers to establish communication among them, exchanging and sharing information and resources. Such networks are called by local cover only a limited area (10 km at most, beyond what are now called MANs).
局域网(或LAN，代表局域网)，甚至局域网是用于互连处理设备以进行数据交换的计算机网络。 一个更准确的术语是：是一组允许单个计算机在它们之间建立通信，交换和共享信息和资源的硬件和软件。 这样的网络仅在有限的区域内被覆盖(最多10公里，超出了现在所谓的城域网)。
Networks in larger areas require more sophisticated technologies, since, physically, the greater the distance from one node to another network, the higher the rate of errors that occur due to signal degradation. LANs are used for connecting workstations, servers, peripherals and other devices with processing capacity in a home, office, school and nearby buildings.
较大区域的网络需要更复杂的技术，因为从物理上讲，一个节点到另一网络的距离越大，由于信号降级而导致的错误率就越高。 局域网用于连接工作站，服务器，外围设备和其他具有处理能力的设备，这些设备可在家庭，办公室，学校和附近的建筑物中使用。
局域网的组成部分-服务器 (Components of a LAN — Servers)
Servers are computers with high processing power and storage which is to provide services, applications or files to a network. As service providers, they can provide e-mail, hosting Web pages, firewall, proxy, print, database, serving as domain controllers and many other utilities. Such as file servers, they can serve as a deposit so that users save their files in a secure and centralized. And finally, as application servers, deploy applications that require high processing power to machines with smaller capacity.
服务器是具有高处理能力和存储能力的计算机，可以为网络提供服务，应用程序或文件。 作为服务提供商，他们可以提供电子邮件，托管网页，防火墙，代理，打印，数据库，充当域控制器和许多其他实用程序。 例如文件服务器，它们可以充当存放区，以便用户将其文件安全，集中地保存。 最后，作为应用程序服务器，将需要高处理能力的应用程序部署到容量较小的计算机上。
局域网的组成部分-站 (Components of a LAN — Stations)
Workstations, also called clients, are generally desktop computers, laptops or PDAs, which are used for access to services provided by the server, or to perform local tasks. These are machines that have less processing power. Sometimes used diskless workstations (diskless), which use completely the files and programs made available by the server – now these stations are sometimes called thin clients, or literally “thin clients”.
工作站，也称为客户端，通常是台式计算机，便携式计算机或PDA，用于访问服务器提供的服务或执行本地任务。 这些是具有较小处理能力的机器。 有时使用无盘工作站(无盘)，它们完全使用服务器提供的文件和程序-现在这些站有时称为瘦客户机，或从字面上讲是“瘦客户机”。
网络操作系统 (Network Operating System)
The network operating system is a computer program for machine control that supports the network, and there are two system classes: client and server system.
网络操作系统是用于计算机控制的计算机程序，它支持网络，并且有两个系统类：客户端系统和服务器系统。
The client system has features simple, focused on use of services, while the server system has a greater amount of resources such as services to be available to customers.
客户端系统具有简单的功能，侧重于服务的使用，而服务器系统具有大量资源，例如可供客户使用的服务。
The Unix-based systems are potential clients and servers, with the choice made during installation of the packages, whereas Windows systems, there are client versions (Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP) and server versions (Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2003 Server and Windows 2008 Server).
基于Unix的系统是潜在的客户端和服务器，可以在安装软件包时进行选择，而Windows系统则有客户端版本(Windows 2000 Professional，Windows XP)和服务器版本(Windows 2000 Server，Windows 2003 Server和Windows)。 2008服务器)。
数据 传输 方式 (Means of transport of data)
Currently, the means of transportation data are used more ethernet or wireless, operating at speeds ranging from 10 to 10,000 Mbps. The transmission media used most often are the cables (twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic) and air (wireless networks).
当前，传输数据的方式更多地用于以太网或无线网络，速度范围为10到10,000 Mbps。 最常用的传输介质是电缆(双绞线，同轴电缆，光纤)和空气(无线网络)。
网络设备 (Network Devices)
Network devices are the physical means necessary for communication between the components of network participants. Examples include hubs, routers, repeaters, switches, bridges, network cards and wireless access points.
网络设备是网络参与者组件之间进行通信所必需的物理手段。 示例包括集线器，路由器，转发器，交换机，网桥，网卡和无线访问点。
通讯协议 (Communication protocols)
Protocol is the “language” that the various devices on a network use to communicate. To be able to communicate, all devices must speak the same language, i.e., the same protocol. The currently most used protocols are TCP / IP, IPX / SPX and NetBEUI.
协议是网络上各种设备用于通信的“语言”。 为了能够通信，所有设备必须说相同的语言，即相同的协议。 当前最常用的协议是TCP / IP，IPX / SPX和NetBEUI。
In the days before personal computers, the companies had only one central computer, the mainframes, with users accessing via terminals using a simple low-speed cable. Networks such as Systems Network Architecture (SNA) from IBM were focused on connecting terminals or other mainframes via dedicated connections. Some of these terminals could be in remote locations – which would give rise to a WAN.
在个人计算机出现之前的日子里，这些公司只有一台中央计算机，即大型机，用户可以使用简单的低速电缆通过终端进行访问。 诸如IBM的Systems Network Architecture(SNA)之类的网络专注于通过专用连接来连接终端或其他大型机。 这些终端中的某些终端可能位于偏远地区，这将产生WAN。
The first LANs were created in the late 1970s and used to create high-speed links between several large central computers at a particular location. Of many competing systems created at this time, Ethernet and ARCNET were the most popular.
第一个局域网创建于1970年代后期，用于在特定位置的几台大型中央计算机之间建立高速链接。 在此时创建的许多竞争系统中，以太网和ARCNET最为流行。
The growth of CP / M and then the DOS-based personal computers meant that a single site could have dozens or even hundreds of computers. The initial attraction of networking these was generally to share disk space and laser printers, which were extremely expensive at the time. A greater enthusiasm with the concept of LAN appeared around 1983, which was declared by the computer industry as “the year of the LAN.”
CP / M以及随后基于DOS的个人计算机的增长意味着一个站点可以拥有数十甚至数百台计算机。 建立网络的最初吸引力通常是共享磁盘空间和激光打印机，这在当时是非常昂贵的。 在1983年左右，人们对LAN概念产生了更大的热情，这被计算机行业宣布为“ LAN年”。
In fact, the concept was marred by the proliferation of physical layer and protocol implementations which were incompatible and confusion over how best to share resources. Typically, each manufacturer had its own type of network card, cables, protocols and network operating system.
实际上，该概念因物理层和协议实现的激增而受到损害，这些物理层和协议实现不兼容，并且在如何最佳共享资源方面产生了混乱。 通常，每个制造商都有自己类型的网卡，电缆，协议和网络操作系统。
A solution appeared with the advent of Novell NetWare which provided support to more than 40 types of network cards and cables, and an operating system more sophisticated than any of the contestants. NetWare dominated the LAN of personal computers until the introduction of Microsoft Windows NT Advanced Server 1993 and Windows for Workgroups.
随着Novell NetWare的出现，出现了一种解决方案，该解决方案为40多种类型的网卡和电缆提供了支持，并且该操作系统比任何参赛者都更加先进。 在引入Microsoft Windows NT Advanced Server 1993和Windows for Workgroups之前，NetWare一直统治着个人计算机的LAN。
Study: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons.
研究：来自维基百科，免费的百科全书。 该文本可在“ 知识共享”下找到 。
翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/lan-local-area-network/
局域网中的局域网
