谈谈Spring-Data的那些事儿

我们在进行事务处理往往需要和数据库进行交互,这其中有关系型数据库(MySql,Sql Server,Oracle)或者是非关系型数据库(Redis,Hadhoop),常见的操纵数据库的方式就有JDBC和Spring JdbcTemplate,而这两种处理方式其实很繁琐而且代码复用率也比较低。另外使用这这种方式进行实际开发时效率也比较低,今天我们使用Spring Data进行开发。在进行开发之前我们首先介绍一下什么是Spring-Data,以及如何使用JDBC和Spring JDBCTemplate方式进行常用的CRUD功能的开发。

SpringData相关概念:

SpringData是Spring基于ORM框架、JPA规范封装的一套JPA应用框架,它提供了包括增删改查在内的常用功能,且易于扩展,可使开发者用极简的代码实现对数据库的访问和操作。

什么是JPA呢?

JPA全称Java Persistence API,是sun提出的一个对象持久化规范,各JavaEE应用服务器自主选择具体实现。JPA仅仅只是一个规范,而不是产品;使用JPA本身是不能做到持久化的。所以,JPA只是一系列定义好的持久化操作的接口,在系统中使用时,需要真正的实现者。

JPA的设计者是Hibernate框架的作者,因此Hibernate EntityManager作为Jboss服务器中JPA的默认实现;Oracle的Weblogic使用EclipseLink(以前叫TopLink)作为默认的JPA实现;IBM的Websphere和Sun的Glassfish默认使用OpenJPA(Apache的一个开源项目)作为其默认的JPA实现。
JPA的底层实现是一些流行的开源ORM(对象关系映射)框架,因此JPA其实也就是java实体对象和关系型数据库建立起映射关系,通过面向对象编程的思想操作关系型数据库的规范。

什么是ORM呢?

ORM,即Object-Relational Mapping(对象关系映射),它的作用是在关系型数据库和业务实体对象之间作一个映射,这样,我们在具体的操作业务对象的时候,就不需要再去和复杂的SQL语句打交道,只需简单的操作对象的属性和方法。只要提供了持久化类与表的映射关系,ORM框架在运行时就能参照映射文件的信息,把对象持久化到数据库中。当前ORM框架主要有三种:Hibernate,iBATIS,EclipseLink。

SpringData提供的编程接口:

【1】Repository:最顶层接口,是一个空接口,目的是为了统一所有的Repository的类型,且能让组件扫描的时候自动识别;
【2】CrudRepository:提供基础的增删改查操作;
【3】PagingAndSortingRepository:提供分页和排序的操作;
【4】JpaRepository:增加了批量操作的功能;
【5】JpaSpecificationExecutor :组合查询条件,提供原生SQL查询。

使用JDBC进行开发:

首先说明例子所设计的数据库,如下图:
![图片描述][1]   

1.JDBC工具类

public class JDBCUtil {    
    /*
     * 获取connection
     * @return 所获得的JDBC的Connection
     */
    public static Connection getConnection() throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException, IOException
    {
        /*String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring_data";
        String user = "root";
        String password = "123456";
        String driverClass = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";*/
        
        /*
         * 通过读取配置文件获取数据库连接所需参数
         */
        InputStream inputStream = JDBCUtil.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("database.properties");
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.load(inputStream);
        
        String url = properties.getProperty("jdbc.url");
        String user = properties.getProperty("jdbc.user");
        String password = properties.getProperty("jdbc.password");
        String driverClass = properties.getProperty("jdbc.driverClass");
        Class.forName(driverClass);
        Connection connection =  DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);    
        return connection;    
    }    
    /*
     * 释放资源
     */
    public static void release(ResultSet resultSet,Statement statement,Connection connection)
    {
        /*
         * 释放resultset
         */
        if(resultSet!=null)
        {
            try {
                resultSet.close();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        if(resultSet!=null)
        {
            try {
                resultSet.close();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        /*
         * 释放statement
         */
        if(statement!=null)
        {
            try {
                statement.close();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        /*
         * 释放connection
         */
        if(connection!=null)
        {
            try {
                connection.close();
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}

附: JDBC数据源配置文件:

jdbc.url = jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring_data
jdbc.user = root
jdbc.password = 123456
jdbc.driverClass =com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

2.定义项目中设计的实体类

   /**
 * @author 熊涛
 *Student Entity Class
 */
public class Student {

    private int id;
    private String name;
    private int age;
    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }
    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
}

3.Dao层接口的实现


public interface StudentDAO {
    /*
     * 查询所有学生
     * @return所有学生
     */
    public List<Student> query();
    
    /*
     * 添加学生接口
     */
    public void save(Student student);
}

4.Dao层接口的实现类

  /**
 * @author 熊涛
 *StudentDAO接口的实现类,通过最原始的JDBC的方式操作
 */
public class StudetnDAOImpl implements StudentDAO {    
    public List<Student> query() {
        
        List<Student> students = new ArrayList<Student>();
        
        Connection connection = null;
        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
        ResultSet resultSet = null;
        String sql = "select id,name,age from student";
        try {
            connection = JDBCUtil.getConnection();
            preparedStatement=connection.prepareStatement(sql);
            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
            
            Student student = null;
            while(resultSet.next()){
                int id = resultSet.getInt("id");
                String name = resultSet.getString("name");
                int age = resultSet.getInt("age");
                
                student = new Student();
                student.setId(id);
                student.setName(name);
                student.setAge(age);
                
                students.add(student);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally{
            JDBCUtil.release(resultSet, preparedStatement, connection);
        }
        
        return students;
    }

    public void save(Student student) {
        
        Connection connection = null;
        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
        ResultSet resultSet = null;
        String sql = "insert into student(name,age) values(?,?)";
        try {
            connection = JDBCUtil.getConnection();
            preparedStatement=connection.prepareStatement(sql);
            preparedStatement.setString(1, student.getName());
            preparedStatement.setInt(2, student.getAge());
            preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
    }catch(Exception e){
        e.printStackTrace();
    }finally{
        JDBCUtil.release(resultSet, preparedStatement, connection);
    }
    }
}


2.使用Spring JDBCTemplate进行开发

1.创建使用Spring-JDBCTemplate所需的配置文件beans.xml目的是将datasource和JDBCTemplate注入进来

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
        <property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
        <property name="username" value="root"/>
        <property name="password" value="123456"/>
        <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring_data"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="jdbcTemplate" class="org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    </bean>
    
    <bean id="studentDAO" class="com.imooc.dao.StudentDAOSpringJdbcImpl">
            <property name="jdbcTemplate" ref="jdbcTemplate"/>
    </bean>
</beans>

2.在Dao层实现类中实现JDBCTemplate

/**
 * @author 熊涛
 *StudentDAo接口的实现类,通过Spring-JDBC的方式操作
 */
public class StudentDAOSpringJdbcImpl implements StudentDAO {

    //通过set方法注入JdbcTemplate
    private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
    
    public List<Student> query() {
        
        final List<Student> students = new ArrayList<Student>();
        String sql = "select id,name,age from student";
        jdbcTemplate.query(sql,new RowCallbackHandler(){

            public void processRow(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException {
                int id = rs.getInt("id");
                String name = rs.getString("name");
                int age = rs.getInt("age");
                
                Student student = new Student();
                student.setId(id);
                student.setName(name);
                student.setAge(age);                    
                students.add(student);                    
            }               
        });
        return students;
    }

    public void save(Student student) {
        String sql = "insert into student(name,age) values(?,?)";
        jdbcTemplate.update(sql,new Object[]{student.getName(),student.getAge()});
    }
    
    public void setJdbcTemplate(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
        this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;
    }

}  

3.使用Spring-Data方式进行开发

【1】创建使用Spring-Data所需的Spring配置文件      
      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>   
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
       xmlns:jpa="http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa/spring-jpa-1.3.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">

    <!--1 配置数据源-->
    <bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
        <property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
        <property name="username" value="root"/>
        <property name="password" value="123456"/>
        <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring_data"/>
    </bean>

    <!--2 配置EntityManagerFactory-->
    <bean id="entityManagerFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
        <property name="jpaVendorAdapter">
            <bean class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter"/>
        </property>
        <property name="packagesToScan" value="com.imooc"/>

        <property name="jpaProperties">
            <props>
                <prop key="hibernate.ejb.naming_strategy">org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy</prop>
                <prop key="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5InnoDBDialect</prop>
                <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
                <prop key="hibernate.format_sql">true</prop>
                <prop key="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto">update</prop>
            </props>
        </property>
    </bean>        
    <!--3 配置事务管理器-->
    <bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager">
        <property name="entityManagerFactory" ref="entityManagerFactory"/>
    </bean>
    <!--4 配置支持注解的事务-->
    <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    <!--5 配置spring data-->
    <jpa:repositories base-package="com.imooc" entity-manager-factory-ref="entityManagerFactory"/>        
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.imooc"/>       
</beans>
      

【2】创建项目中所涉及到的实体类

    /**
 * @author 熊涛
 *雇员实体类
 *先开发实体类,然后生成对应的数据表
 */
@Entity
@Table(name="test_employee")
public class Employee {

    private Integer id;
    private String name;
    private Integer age;
    
    @GeneratedValue
    @Id
    public Integer getId() {
        return id;
    }
    public void setId(Integer id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
    @Column(length=20)
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public Integer getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(Integer age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Employee [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]";
    }    
}

【3】创建项目中设计的接口类


 public interface EmployeeRepository extends Repository<Employee,Integer>{

    public Employee findByName(String name);
    public List<Employee> findByNameStartingWithAndAgeLessThan(String name,Integer age);
    public List<Employee> findByNameEndingWithAndAgeLessThan(String name,Integer age);
    public List<Employee> findByNameInOrAgeLessThan(List<String> names,Integer age);
    public List<Employee> findByNameInAndAgeLessThan(List<String> names,Integer age);
        
    @Query("select o from Employee o where id=(select max(id) from Employee t1)")
    public Employee getEmployeeByMaxId();    
    @Query("select o from Employee o where o.name=?1 and o.age=?2")
    public List<Employee> queryParams1(String name,Integer age);
    @Query("select o from Employee o where o.name=:name and o.age=:age")
    public List<Employee> queryParams2(@Param("name")String name,@Param("age")Integer age);
    @Query("select o from Employee o where o.name like %?1%")
    public List<Employee> queryLike1(String name);
    @Query("select o from Employee o where o.name like %:name%")
    public List<Employee> queryLike2(@Param("name")String name);    
    @Query(nativeQuery = true,value = "select count(1) from employee")
    public long getCount();
    
    @Modifying
    @Query("update Employee o set o.age = :age where o.id = :id")
    public void update(@Param("id")Integer id,@Param("age")Integer age);
}

最后附上例子源码,源码中还有对于以上代码功能的测试,测试代码均位于test包下。
项目源码:
链接:https://pan.baidu.com/s/1pLcGCUR 密码:welh

    原文作者:SQL
    原文地址: https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000012455516
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