Spring提供一流的事务管理，分为声明式事务和编程式事务。

1 Spring的事务

事务是一组任务组成的工作单元，执行的结果是要么全部执行，要么都不执行。

Spring事务的优点：

 提供统一的编程模式  提供更简单，更易用的事务管理   支持声明事务    整合Spring对数据访问的抽象

2 事务的ACID特性

原子性：

要么事务的中的任务全部执行，要不都不执行

一致性：事务必须保证和数据库的一致性，即数据库的数据必须和现实的数据一致。

隔离性

不同的事务之间互不干扰

持久性：

如果事务执行成功，无论系统发生什么情况，事务的执行结果都是永久的

3 事务的缺陷

脏读取：

一个事务读取另一个事务尚未提交的更新

不可重复的读取：

一个事务前后两次读取数据都不一致，因为前后读取期间有另一个事务改变了数据。不可重复读读到的是更改或者是删除的数据

幻读：

A事务读取了B事务提交的新增数据，这时候A事务就会出现幻象读的问题，幻象读读到的是新增的数据

4 数据库锁的机制

根据锁定的对象不同，可以分为表锁定和行锁定，前者对整个表锁定，或者对表中的特定的行锁定。从并发事务锁定的关系上看，可以分为共享锁定和独占锁定。

行共享锁定：一般可以通过select for update来隐式来获取，也可以通过lock table in row share mode.行共享锁并不防止对数据行进行更改的操作，但是可以防止其它会话获取独占性数据表锁定。

行独占锁定：可以通过insert update delete来语句隐式来获取，可以通过lock table in row exclusive mode.这个锁定可以防止其它会话获取一个共享锁定，共享行独占锁定或独占锁定。

表共享锁定：lock table in share mode

表共享行独占：lock table in share mode row exclusive mode.

表独占：lock table in Exclusive mode,防止其它会话的所有的锁。

5 事务隔离级别

READ UNCOMMITED  READ COMMITED  REPEATABLE READ  SERIALIZABLE

6 事务管理关键抽象

在事务管理管理SPI高层抽象层主要包括3个接口，分别是TransactionDefinition<————PlaformTransactionManager——>TransactionStatus

TransactionDefinition用于标书事务的隔离级别，超时时间，是否为只读事务和事务传播等控制事务具体行为的事务属性，这些事务属性可以通过XML配置或注解描述提供，也可以通过手工编程的方式设置。

PlatformTransactionManager根据TransactionDefinition提供的事务属性配置信息，创建事务，并用TransactionStatus描述这个激活事务的状态。

TransactionDefinition：

TransactionDefinition定义了Spring兼容性的事务属性，这些属性对事务管理控制的若干方面进行配置。

事务隔离：当前事务和其它事务的隔离的程度。在TranscationDefiniton接口中，定义了和java.sql.Connnection接口汇总同名的4个隔离级别：

ISOLATION_READ_UNCOMMITED,ISOLATION_READ_COMMITTED,ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ,ISOLATION_SERIALIZABLE，还有一个默认的

隔离级别：ISOLATION_DEFUALT

事务传播：通常一个事务中执行的所有代码都会运行在同一事务上下文中，但是Spring也提供了几个可选的事务传播类型，如挂起当前的事务，创建一个新的

事务。

事务超时：

事务在超时前能运行多久，超过时间后，事务会被回滚。

只读状态：

只读事务不修改任何数据，性能高。

TransactionStatus：

TransactionStatus代表一个事务的具体运行状态，事务管理器可以通过该接口来获取事务运行时期的状态信息，可以通过该接口间接地回滚事务。该接口继承于SavepointManager.

SavepintManager接口拥有一下的方法：

Object createSavepoint()

创建一个保存点对象，以便后面可以利用rollbackToSavePoint(Object savepoint)方法回滚大特定的保存点上

void rollbackToSavepoint(Object savepoint)

将事务回滚到特定的保存点上，被回滚的保存单将自动释放。

void releaseSavepoint(Object savepoint)

释放一个保存点，如果事务提交，所有的保存点都对被释放，不需要手工释放。

TransactionStatus扩展了SavepointManager提供了一下的方法：

boolean hasSavepoint()：判断是否在内部创建了一个保存点。

boolean isNewTransaction()：潘丹是不是一个新的事务

boolean isCompleted()：判断事务是不是已经结束：已经提交或者回滚

boolean isRollbackOnly：当前事务是否已经被标志位rollback_only

void setRollbackOnly：将当前的事务设置为rollback_only.

PlatformTransactionManager：

public interface PlatformTransactionManager {

	/**
	 * Return a currently active transaction or create a new one, according to
	 * the specified propagation behavior.
	 * <p>Note that parameters like isolation level or timeout will only be applied
	 * to new transactions, and thus be ignored when participating in active ones.
	 * <p>Furthermore, not all transaction definition settings will be supported
	 * by every transaction manager: A proper transaction manager implementation
	 * should throw an exception when unsupported settings are encountered.
	 * <p>An exception to the above rule is the read-only flag, which should be
	 * ignored if no explicit read-only mode is supported. Essentially, the
	 * read-only flag is just a hint for potential optimization.
	 * @param definition TransactionDefinition instance (can be {@code null} for defaults),
	 * describing propagation behavior, isolation level, timeout etc.
	 * @return transaction status object representing the new or current transaction
	 * @throws TransactionException in case of lookup, creation, or system errors
	 * @throws IllegalTransactionStateException if the given transaction definition
	 * cannot be executed (for example, if a currently active transaction is in
	 * conflict with the specified propagation behavior)
	 * @see TransactionDefinition#getPropagationBehavior
	 * @see TransactionDefinition#getIsolationLevel
	 * @see TransactionDefinition#getTimeout
	 * @see TransactionDefinition#isReadOnly
	 */
	TransactionStatus getTransaction(TransactionDefinition definition) throws TransactionException;

	/**
	 * Commit the given transaction, with regard to its status. If the transaction
	 * has been marked rollback-only programmatically, perform a rollback.
	 * <p>If the transaction wasn't a new one, omit the commit for proper
	 * participation in the surrounding transaction. If a previous transaction
	 * has been suspended to be able to create a new one, resume the previous
	 * transaction after committing the new one.
	 * <p>Note that when the commit call completes, no matter if normally or
	 * throwing an exception, the transaction must be fully completed and
	 * cleaned up. No rollback call should be expected in such a case.
	 * <p>If this method throws an exception other than a TransactionException,
	 * then some before-commit error caused the commit attempt to fail. For
	 * example, an O/R Mapping tool might have tried to flush changes to the
	 * database right before commit, with the resulting DataAccessException
	 * causing the transaction to fail. The original exception will be
	 * propagated to the caller of this commit method in such a case.
	 * @param status object returned by the {@code getTransaction} method
	 * @throws UnexpectedRollbackException in case of an unexpected rollback
	 * that the transaction coordinator initiated
	 * @throws HeuristicCompletionException in case of a transaction failure
	 * caused by a heuristic decision on the side of the transaction coordinator
	 * @throws TransactionSystemException in case of commit or system errors
	 * (typically caused by fundamental resource failures)
	 * @throws IllegalTransactionStateException if the given transaction
	 * is already completed (that is, committed or rolled back)
	 * @see TransactionStatus#setRollbackOnly
	 */
	void commit(TransactionStatus status) throws TransactionException;

	/**
	 * Perform a rollback of the given transaction.
	 * <p>If the transaction wasn't a new one, just set it rollback-only for proper
	 * participation in the surrounding transaction. If a previous transaction
	 * has been suspended to be able to create a new one, resume the previous
	 * transaction after rolling back the new one.
	 * <p><b>Do not call rollback on a transaction if commit threw an exception.</b>
	 * The transaction will already have been completed and cleaned up when commit
	 * returns, even in case of a commit exception. Consequently, a rollback call
	 * after commit failure will lead to an IllegalTransactionStateException.
	 * @param status object returned by the {@code getTransaction} method
	 * @throws TransactionSystemException in case of rollback or system errors
	 * (typically caused by fundamental resource failures)
	 * @throws IllegalTransactionStateException if the given transaction
	 * is already completed (that is, committed or rolled back)
	 */
	void rollback(TransactionStatus status) throws TransactionException;

}

5 编程式事务管理

TransactionTemplate和那些持久化模板类一样，是线程安全的。

Object execute(TransactionCallback action) ：在TransactionCallBack回调接口中定义需要以事务方式组织的数据访问逻辑。 

public class Forum1Service {
	private TransactionTemplate template;
	
	public void addForum(){
		template.execute(new TransactionCallbackWithoutResult() {
			
			@Override
			protected void doInTransactionWithoutResult(TransactionStatus status) {
				//需要在事务环境中执行的代码
			}
		});
	}
	
}

6 使用XML声明事务

7 使用注解声明事务