Spark MLlib 特征选择

VectorSlicer

算法介绍:

VectorSlicer是一个转换器输入特征向量,输出原始特征向量子集。VectorSlicer接收带有特定索引的向量列,通过对这些索引的值进行筛选得到新的向量集。可接受如下两种索引

1.整数索引,setIndices()。

2.字符串索引代表向量中特征的名字,此类要求向量列有AttributeGroup,因为该工具根据Attribute来匹配名字字段。

指定整数或者字符串类型都是可以的。另外,同时使用整数索引和字符串名字也是可以的。不允许使用重复的特征,所以所选的索引或者名字必须是没有独一的。注意如果使用名字特征,当遇到空值的时候将会报错。

输出将会首先按照所选的数字索引排序(按输入顺序),其次按名字排序(按输入顺序)。

示例:
假设我们有一个DataFrame含有userFeatures列:

userFeatures

——————

[0.0, 10.0, 0.5]

userFeatures是一个向量列包含3个用户特征。假设userFeatures的第一列全为0,我们希望删除它并且只选择后两项。我们可以通过索引setIndices(1, 2)来选择后两项并产生一个新的features列:

userFeatures | features

——————|—————————–

[0.0, 10.0, 0.5] | [10.0, 0.5]

假设我们还有如同[“f1”, “f2”, “f3”]的属性,那可以通过名字setNames(“f2”, “f3”)的形式来选择:

userFeatures | features

——————|—————————–

[0.0, 10.0, 0.5] | [10.0, 0.5]

[“f1”, “f2”, “f3”] | [“f2”, “f3”]

调用示例:

Scala:

import java.util.Arrays

import org.apache.spark.ml.attribute.{Attribute, AttributeGroup, NumericAttribute}
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.VectorSlicer
import org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.Vectors
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType

val data = Arrays.asList(Row(Vectors.dense(-2.0, 2.3, 0.0)))

val defaultAttr = NumericAttribute.defaultAttr
val attrs = Array("f1", "f2", "f3").map(defaultAttr.withName)
val attrGroup = new AttributeGroup("userFeatures", attrs.asInstanceOf[Array[Attribute]])

val dataset = spark.createDataFrame(data, StructType(Array(attrGroup.toStructField())))

val slicer = new VectorSlicer().setInputCol("userFeatures").setOutputCol("features")

slicer.setIndices(Array(1)).setNames(Array("f3"))
// or slicer.setIndices(Array(1, 2)), or slicer.setNames(Array("f2", "f3")) 
val output = slicer.transform(dataset)
println(output.select("userFeatures", "features").first())

Java:

import java.util.List;

import com.google.common.collect.Lists;

import org.apache.spark.ml.attribute.Attribute;
import org.apache.spark.ml.attribute.AttributeGroup;
import org.apache.spark.ml.attribute.NumericAttribute;
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.VectorSlicer;
import org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.Vectors;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row;
import org.apache.spark.sql.RowFactory;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.*;

Attribute[] attrs = new Attribute[]{
  NumericAttribute.defaultAttr().withName("f1"),
  NumericAttribute.defaultAttr().withName("f2"),
  NumericAttribute.defaultAttr().withName("f3")
};
AttributeGroup group = new AttributeGroup("userFeatures", attrs);

List<Row> data = Lists.newArrayList(
  RowFactory.create(Vectors.sparse(3, new int[]{0, 1}, new double[]{-2.0, 2.3})),
  RowFactory.create(Vectors.dense(-2.0, 2.3, 0.0))
);

Dataset<Row> dataset =
  spark.createDataFrame(data, (new StructType()).add(group.toStructField()));

VectorSlicer vectorSlicer = new VectorSlicer()
  .setInputCol("userFeatures").setOutputCol("features");

vectorSlicer.setIndices(new int[]{1}).setNames(new String[]{"f3"});
// or slicer.setIndices(new int[]{1, 2}), or slicer.setNames(new String[]{"f2", "f3"})

Dataset<Row> output = vectorSlicer.transform(dataset);

System.out.println(output.select("userFeatures", "features").first());

Python:

from pyspark.ml.feature import VectorSlicer
from pyspark.ml.linalg import Vectors
from pyspark.sql.types import Row

df = spark.createDataFrame([
    Row(userFeatures=Vectors.sparse(3, {0: -2.0, 1: 2.3}),),
    Row(userFeatures=Vectors.dense([-2.0, 2.3, 0.0]),)])

slicer = VectorSlicer(inputCol="userFeatures", outputCol="features", indices=[1])

output = slicer.transform(df)

output.select("userFeatures", "features").show()

RFormula

算法介绍:

RFormula通过R模型公式来选择列。支持R操作中的部分操作,包括‘~’, ‘.’, ‘:’, ‘+’以及‘-‘,基本操作如下:

1. ~ 分隔目标和对象

2. + 合并对象,“+ 0” 意味着删除空格

3. : 交互(数值相乘,类别二值化)

4. . 除了目标外的全部列

假设a和b为两列:

1. y ~ a + b表示模型y ~ w0 + w1 * a + w2 * b其中w0为截距,w1和w2为相关系数。

2. y ~ a + b + a:b – 1表示模型y ~ w1 * a + w2 * b + w3 * a * b,其中w1,w2,w3是相关系数。

RFormula产生一个向量特征列以及一个double或者字符串标签列。如果类别列是字符串类型,它将通过StringIndexer转换为double类型。如果标签列不存在,则输出中将通过规定的响应变量创造一个标签列。

示例:

假设我们有一个DataFrame含有id, country, hour和clicked四列:

id | country | hour | clicked

—|———|——|———

7 | “US” | 18 | 1.0

8 | “CA” | 12 | 0.0

9 | “NZ” | 15 | 0.0

如果我们使用RFormula公式clicked ~ country + hour,则表明我们希望基于country 和hour预测clicked,通过转换我们可以得到如下DataFrame:

id | country | hour | clicked | features | label

—|———|——|———|——————|——-

7 | “US” | 18 | 1.0 | [0.0, 0.0, 18.0] | 1.0

8 | “CA” | 12 | 0.0 | [0.0, 1.0, 12.0] | 0.0

9 | “NZ” | 15 | 0.0 | [1.0, 0.0, 15.0] | 0.0

调用示例:

Scala:

import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.RFormula

val dataset = spark.createDataFrame(Seq(
  (7, "US", 18, 1.0),
  (8, "CA", 12, 0.0),
  (9, "NZ", 15, 0.0)
)).toDF("id", "country", "hour", "clicked")
val formula = new RFormula()
  .setFormula("clicked ~ country + hour")
  .setFeaturesCol("features")
  .setLabelCol("label")
val output = formula.fit(dataset).transform(dataset)
output.select("features", "label").show()

Java:

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.RFormula;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row;
import org.apache.spark.sql.RowFactory;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructField;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType;

import static org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataTypes.*;

StructType schema = createStructType(new StructField[]{
  createStructField("id", IntegerType, false),
  createStructField("country", StringType, false),
  createStructField("hour", IntegerType, false),
  createStructField("clicked", DoubleType, false)
});

List<Row> data = Arrays.asList(
  RowFactory.create(7, "US", 18, 1.0),
  RowFactory.create(8, "CA", 12, 0.0),
  RowFactory.create(9, "NZ", 15, 0.0)
);

Dataset<Row> dataset = spark.createDataFrame(data, schema);
RFormula formula = new RFormula()
  .setFormula("clicked ~ country + hour")
  .setFeaturesCol("features")
  .setLabelCol("label");
Dataset<Row> output = formula.fit(dataset).transform(dataset);
output.select("features", "label").show();

Python:

from pyspark.ml.feature import RFormula

dataset = spark.createDataFrame(
    [(7, "US", 18, 1.0),
     (8, "CA", 12, 0.0),
     (9, "NZ", 15, 0.0)],
    ["id", "country", "hour", "clicked"])
formula = RFormula(
    formula="clicked ~ country + hour",
    featuresCol="features",
    labelCol="label")
output = formula.fit(dataset).transform(dataset)
output.select("features", "label").show()

ChiSqSelector

算法介绍:

ChiSqSelector代表卡方特征选择。它适用于带有类别特征的标签数据。ChiSqSelector根据类别的独立卡方2检验来对特征排序,然后选取类别标签主要依赖的特征。它类似于选取最有预测能力的特征。

示例:

假设我们有一个DataFrame含有id, features和clicked三列,其中clicked为需要预测的目标:

id | features | clicked

—|———————–|———

7 | [0.0, 0.0, 18.0, 1.0] | 1.0

8 | [0.0, 1.0, 12.0, 0.0] | 0.0

9 | [1.0, 0.0, 15.0, 0.1] | 0.0

如果我们使用ChiSqSelector并设置numTopFeatures为1,根据标签clicked,features中最后一列将会是最有用特征:

id | features | clicked | selectedFeatures

—|———————–|———|——————

7 | [0.0, 0.0, 18.0, 1.0] | 1.0 | [1.0]

8 | [0.0, 1.0, 12.0, 0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0]

9 | [1.0, 0.0, 15.0, 0.1] | 0.0 | [0.1]

调用示例:

Scala:

import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.ChiSqSelector
import org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.Vectors

val data = Seq(
  (7, Vectors.dense(0.0, 0.0, 18.0, 1.0), 1.0),
  (8, Vectors.dense(0.0, 1.0, 12.0, 0.0), 0.0),
  (9, Vectors.dense(1.0, 0.0, 15.0, 0.1), 0.0)
)

val df = spark.createDataset(data).toDF("id", "features", "clicked")

val selector = new ChiSqSelector()
  .setNumTopFeatures(1)
  .setFeaturesCol("features")
  .setLabelCol("clicked")
  .setOutputCol("selectedFeatures")

val result = selector.fit(df).transform(df)
result.show()

Java:

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.ChiSqSelector;
import org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.VectorUDT;
import org.apache.spark.ml.linalg.Vectors;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row;
import org.apache.spark.sql.RowFactory;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataTypes;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.Metadata;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructField;
import org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType;

List<Row> data = Arrays.asList(
  RowFactory.create(7, Vectors.dense(0.0, 0.0, 18.0, 1.0), 1.0),
  RowFactory.create(8, Vectors.dense(0.0, 1.0, 12.0, 0.0), 0.0),
  RowFactory.create(9, Vectors.dense(1.0, 0.0, 15.0, 0.1), 0.0)
);
StructType schema = new StructType(new StructField[]{
  new StructField("id", DataTypes.IntegerType, false, Metadata.empty()),
  new StructField("features", new VectorUDT(), false, Metadata.empty()),
  new StructField("clicked", DataTypes.DoubleType, false, Metadata.empty())
});

Dataset<Row> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, schema);

ChiSqSelector selector = new ChiSqSelector()
  .setNumTopFeatures(1)
  .setFeaturesCol("features")
  .setLabelCol("clicked")
  .setOutputCol("selectedFeatures");

Dataset<Row> result = selector.fit(df).transform(df);
result.show();

Python:

from pyspark.ml.feature import ChiSqSelector
from pyspark.ml.linalg import Vectors

df = spark.createDataFrame([
    (7, Vectors.dense([0.0, 0.0, 18.0, 1.0]), 1.0,),
    (8, Vectors.dense([0.0, 1.0, 12.0, 0.0]), 0.0,),
    (9, Vectors.dense([1.0, 0.0, 15.0, 0.1]), 0.0,)], ["id", "features", "clicked"])

selector = ChiSqSelector(numTopFeatures=1, featuresCol="features",
                         outputCol="selectedFeatures", labelCol="clicked")

result = selector.fit(df).transform(df)
result.show()
    原文作者:刘玲源
    原文地址: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/24073831
    本文转自网络文章,转载此文章仅为分享知识,如有侵权,请联系博主进行删除。
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