随机森林回归(Random Forest)算法介绍及Spark MLlib调用实例(Scala/Java/python)

随机森林回归

算法介绍:

随机森林是决策树的集成算法。随机森林包含多个决策树来降低过拟合的风险。随机森林同样具有易解释性、可处理类别特征、易扩展到多分类问题、不需特征缩放等性质。

随机森林分别训练一系列的决策树,所以训练过程是并行的。因算法中加入随机过程,所以每个决策树又有少量区别。通过合并每个树的预测结果来减少预测的方差,提高在测试集上的性能表现。

随机性体现:
1.每次迭代时,对原始数据进行二次抽样来获得不同的训练数据。

2.对于每个树节点,考虑不同的随机特征子集来进行分裂。

除此之外,决策时的训练过程和单独决策树训练过程相同。

对新实例进行预测时,随机森林需要整合其各个决策树的预测结果。回归和分类问题的整合的方式略有不同。分类问题采取投票制,每个决策树投票给一个类别,获得最多投票的类别为最终结果。回归问题每个树得到的预测结果为实数,最终的预测结果为各个树预测结果的平均值。

spark.ml支持二分类、多分类以及回归的随机森林算法,适用于连续特征以及类别特征。

参数:

checkpointInterval:

类型:整数型。

含义:设置检查点间隔(>=1),或不设置检查点(-1)。

featureSubsetStrategy:

类型:字符串型。

含义:每次分裂候选特征数量。

featuresCol:

类型:字符串型。

含义:特征列名。

impurity:

类型:字符串型。

含义:计算信息增益的准则(不区分大小写)。

labelCol:

类型:字符串型。

含义:标签列名。

maxBins:

类型:整数型。

含义:连续特征离散化的最大数量,以及选择每个节点分裂特征的方式。

maxDepth:

类型:整数型。

含义:树的最大深度(>=0)。

minInfoGain:

类型:双精度型。

含义:分裂节点时所需最小信息增益。

minInstancesPerNode:

类型:整数型。

含义:分裂后自节点最少包含的实例数量。

numTrees:

类型:整数型。

含义:训练的树的数量。

predictionCol:

类型:字符串型。

含义:预测结果列名。

seed:

类型:长整型。

含义:随机种子。

subsamplingRate:

类型:双精度型。

含义:学习一棵决策树使用的训练数据比例,范围[0,1]。

thresholds:

类型:双精度数组型。

含义:多分类预测的阀值,以调整预测结果在各个类别的概率。

调用示例:

下面的例子导入LibSVM格式数据,并将之划分为训练数据和测试数据。使用第一部分数据进行训练,剩下数据来测试。训练之前我们使用了两种数据预处理方法来对特征进行转换,并且添加了元数据到DataFrame。

Scala:

import org.apache.spark.ml.Pipeline
import org.apache.spark.ml.evaluation.RegressionEvaluator
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.VectorIndexer
import org.apache.spark.ml.regression.{RandomForestRegressionModel, RandomForestRegressor}

// Load and parse the data file, converting it to a DataFrame. val data = spark.read.format("libsvm").load("data/mllib/sample_libsvm_data.txt")

// Automatically identify categorical features, and index them. // Set maxCategories so features with > 4 distinct values are treated as continuous. val featureIndexer = new VectorIndexer()
  .setInputCol("features")
  .setOutputCol("indexedFeatures")
  .setMaxCategories(4)
  .fit(data)

// Split the data into training and test sets (30% held out for testing). val Array(trainingData, testData) = data.randomSplit(Array(0.7, 0.3))

// Train a RandomForest model. val rf = new RandomForestRegressor()
  .setLabelCol("label")
  .setFeaturesCol("indexedFeatures")

// Chain indexer and forest in a Pipeline. val pipeline = new Pipeline()
  .setStages(Array(featureIndexer, rf))

// Train model. This also runs the indexer. val model = pipeline.fit(trainingData)

// Make predictions. val predictions = model.transform(testData)

// Select example rows to display. predictions.select("prediction", "label", "features").show(5)

// Select (prediction, true label) and compute test error. val evaluator = new RegressionEvaluator()
  .setLabelCol("label")
  .setPredictionCol("prediction")
  .setMetricName("rmse")
val rmse = evaluator.evaluate(predictions)
println("Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on test data = " + rmse)

val rfModel = model.stages(1).asInstanceOf[RandomForestRegressionModel]
println("Learned regression forest model:\n" + rfModel.toDebugString)

Java:

import org.apache.spark.ml.Pipeline;
import org.apache.spark.ml.PipelineModel;
import org.apache.spark.ml.PipelineStage;
import org.apache.spark.ml.evaluation.RegressionEvaluator;
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.VectorIndexer;
import org.apache.spark.ml.feature.VectorIndexerModel;
import org.apache.spark.ml.regression.RandomForestRegressionModel;
import org.apache.spark.ml.regression.RandomForestRegressor;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset;
import org.apache.spark.sql.Row;
import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession;

// Load and parse the data file, converting it to a DataFrame. Dataset<Row> data = spark.read().format("libsvm").load("data/mllib/sample_libsvm_data.txt");

// Automatically identify categorical features, and index them. // Set maxCategories so features with > 4 distinct values are treated as continuous. VectorIndexerModel featureIndexer = new VectorIndexer()
  .setInputCol("features")
  .setOutputCol("indexedFeatures")
  .setMaxCategories(4)
  .fit(data);

// Split the data into training and test sets (30% held out for testing) Dataset<Row>[] splits = data.randomSplit(new double[] {0.7, 0.3});
Dataset<Row> trainingData = splits[0];
Dataset<Row> testData = splits[1];

// Train a RandomForest model. RandomForestRegressor rf = new RandomForestRegressor()
  .setLabelCol("label")
  .setFeaturesCol("indexedFeatures");

// Chain indexer and forest in a Pipeline Pipeline pipeline = new Pipeline()
  .setStages(new PipelineStage[] {featureIndexer, rf});

// Train model. This also runs the indexer. PipelineModel model = pipeline.fit(trainingData);

// Make predictions. Dataset<Row> predictions = model.transform(testData);

// Select example rows to display. predictions.select("prediction", "label", "features").show(5);

// Select (prediction, true label) and compute test error RegressionEvaluator evaluator = new RegressionEvaluator()
  .setLabelCol("label")
  .setPredictionCol("prediction")
  .setMetricName("rmse");
double rmse = evaluator.evaluate(predictions);
System.out.println("Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on test data = " + rmse);

RandomForestRegressionModel rfModel = (RandomForestRegressionModel)(model.stages()[1]);
System.out.println("Learned regression forest model:\n" + rfModel.toDebugString());

Python:

from pyspark.ml import Pipeline
from pyspark.ml.regression import RandomForestRegressor
from pyspark.ml.feature import VectorIndexer
from pyspark.ml.evaluation import RegressionEvaluator

# Load and parse the data file, converting it to a DataFrame.
data = spark.read.format("libsvm").load("data/mllib/sample_libsvm_data.txt")

# Automatically identify categorical features, and index them.
# Set maxCategories so features with > 4 distinct values are treated as continuous.
featureIndexer =\
    VectorIndexer(inputCol="features", outputCol="indexedFeatures", maxCategories=4).fit(data)

# Split the data into training and test sets (30% held out for testing)
(trainingData, testData) = data.randomSplit([0.7, 0.3])

# Train a RandomForest model.
rf = RandomForestRegressor(featuresCol="indexedFeatures")

# Chain indexer and forest in a Pipeline
pipeline = Pipeline(stages=[featureIndexer, rf])

# Train model.  This also runs the indexer.
model = pipeline.fit(trainingData)

# Make predictions.
predictions = model.transform(testData)

# Select example rows to display.
predictions.select("prediction", "label", "features").show(5)

# Select (prediction, true label) and compute test error
evaluator = RegressionEvaluator(
    labelCol="label", predictionCol="prediction", metricName="rmse")
rmse = evaluator.evaluate(predictions)
print("Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on test data = %g" % rmse)

rfModel = model.stages[1]
print(rfModel)  # summary only
    原文作者:刘玲源
    原文地址: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/24188511
    本文转自网络文章,转载此文章仅为分享知识,如有侵权,请联系博主进行删除。
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