用设置 Docker 的镜像仓库并从中进行安装

前期准备

更新包

 $ sudo apt-get update

安装软件包，以允许 apt 通过 HTTPS 使用镜像仓库：

 $ sudo apt-get install \
     apt-transport-https \
     ca-certificates \
     curl \
     software-properties-common

添加 Docker 的官方 GPG 密钥：

 $ curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -

验证密钥是否为：9DC8 5822 9FC7 DD38 854A E2D8 8D81 803C 0EBF CD88

 $ sudo apt-key fingerprint 0EBFCD88

设置 stable 镜像仓库,不同的处理器架构不同，详情参见官网，我使用的：

$ sudo add-apt-repository \
   "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu \
   $(lsb_release -cs) \
   stable"

开始安装

更新包

 $ sudo apt-get update

安装最新版本的 Docker CE

 $ sudo apt-get install docker-ce

安装特定版本的 Docker CE

输出可用版本

 $ apt-cache madison docker-ce

选择特定版本

VERSION为版本号
 $ sudo apt-get install docker-ce=<VERSION>

检验安装

sudo docker run hello-world

输出一下信息为正常：

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
 1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
 2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
    (amd64)
 3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
    executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
 4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
    to your terminal.

To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
 $ docker run -it ubuntu bash

Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
 https://hub.docker.com/

For more examples and ideas, visit:
 https://docs.docker.com/get-started/