git基础篇0x001:基本操作一章通

0x001 概述

这一章直接说git的命令行的简单使用姿势,对应的其实是Pro Git Book的第1-3章,这里只是做个记录,详细的还是撸官网比较实在。

0x002 环境搭建

$ mkdir git_test
$ cd git_test

0x003 初始化项目

$ git init
#输出
Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/FollowWinter/Desktop/git_test/.git/

这个指令会在当前目录下生成一个.git隐藏目录,该目录保存了该项目的所有信息。

0x004 查看项目文件状态

$ git status
#输出
On branch master

Initial commit

nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)

git中,文件只有两种状态,已跟踪和未跟踪,这时候我们刚刚初始化项目,并未有任何的操作,显示nothing to commit
添加一个文件并查看状态

$ echo "hello git" > README.md
$ git status
#输出
On branch master

Initial commit

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

    README.md

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

此时便提示有Untracked files

0x005 添加文件跟踪

该指令会将文件夹下的所有文件(除了被忽略的)加入文件跟踪,也就是只要被add的文件,任何修改都会被git跟踪,反之,没有被add的任何修改都不会被跟踪。

$ git add README.me
$ git status
#输出
On branch master

Initial commit

Changes to be committed:
  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)

    new file:   README.md

此时提示new file

  • 修改这个文件

    $ echo 'hello git again! ' > README.md
    $ git status
    On branch master
    
    Initial commit
    
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
    
        new file:   README.md
    
    Changes not staged for commit:
      (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
      (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    
        modified:   README.md
    

    此时提示modified

  • 再次add

    $ git add README.md
    $ git status
    On branch master
    
    Initial commit
    
    Changes to be committed:
      (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
    
        new file:   README.md
    
  • 让显示信息简介一点

    $ git status -s
    #输出
    A  README.md
    • A:新添加的文件

    • M:修改过的文件

    • ??:未跟踪的文件

  • 更多指令详细说明

    0x006 提交修改

$ git commit -m "添加README文件"
# 输出
[master (root-commit) 9519e09] 添加README文件
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 README.md
$ git status
# 输出
On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
```

这个指令用来提交本次修改。

所以,在git中,一个文件的状态变化大概是untracked->tracked->modified->staged

如果在提交之后,发现有一些文件忘记提交,可以使用--amend,重新提交一次,此时记录中只会有一次提交

$ git add index.html
$ git commit --amend

所以,在git中,一个文件的状态变化大概是`untracked->tracked->modified->staged`

如果在提交之后,发现有一些文件忘记提交,可以使用`--amend`,重新提交一次,此时记录中只会有一次提交
```
$ git add index.html
$ git commit --amend
```

0x007 查看提交历史

$ echo "<p>hello git</p>" > index.html
$ git add index.html 
$ git commit -m "修改首页"
#输出
[master 71855c1] 修改首页
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
$ git log
#输出
commit 71855c112b7420d9c6a39e91b03adb12d4924491
Author: FollowWinter <lyxxxx@yeah.net>
Date:   Sat Nov 18 22:24:36 2017 +0800

    修改首页

commit e1dcd6a8e364e2bef226bad1388d54f92206b7d9
Author: FollowWinter <lyxxxx@yeah.net>
Date:   Sat Nov 18 22:15:16 2017 +0800

    添加README文件

0x007 使用远程仓库

之前的所有操作都是在本地操作,现在使用远程仓库来玩玩,这里使用github,还有许多仓库可以用,比如国内的码云等。
我们现在github上新建项目:https://github.com/followWint…
接着使用git remote add <shortname> <url>来添加一个远程仓库

$ git remote add origin https://github.com/followWinter/git_test
$ git remote
# 输出
origin
$ git remote -v
origin    https://github.com/followWinter/git_test (fetch)
origin    https://github.com/followWinter/git_test (push)

0x008 克隆远程项目

当然我们也可以先在github上新建一个git_test项目,然后使用git clone来拉一个项目,这样就不需要git initgit remote add

$ git https://github.com/followWinter/git_test
#输出
Cloning into 'git_test'...
remote: Counting objects: 15, done.
remote: Total 15 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 15
Unpacking objects: 100% (15/15), done.
Checking connectivity... done.

更多指令详细说明

0x009 推送到远程分支

可以使用git push [remote-name] [branch-name],将当前项目代码推送到远程仓库,这样我们在其他地方就可以直接使用git clone来继续开发了。

$ git push origin master
Counting objects: 7, done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (7/7), 580 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 7 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To https://github.com/followWinter/git_test
 + 132d89c...71855c1 master -> master (forced update)

0x010 打标签

  • 打标签并查看当前项目的标签

    $ git tag -a v1.0.1 -m "首页发布"
    $ git tag -a v1.1.1 -m "修改首页"
    $ git tag
    # 输出
    v1.0.1
    v1.1.1
  • 查看某个标签具体修改

    $ git show v1.1.1
    # 输出
    tag v1.1.1
    Tagger: FollowWinter <lyxxxx@yeah.net>
    Date:   Sat Nov 18 22:39:15 2017 +0800
    
    修改首页
    
    commit 71855c112b7420d9c6a39e91b03adb12d4924491
    Author: FollowWinter <lyxxxx@yeah.net>
    Date:   Sat Nov 18 22:24:36 2017 +0800
    
        修改首页
    
    diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
    index e69de29..18b0a77 100644
    --- a/index.html
    +++ b/index.html
    @@ -0,0 +1 @@
    +<p>hello git</p>
    
  • 推送标签到仓库

    $ git push origin v1.0.1
    # 输出
    Counting objects: 1, done.
    Writing objects: 100% (1/1), 178 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
    Total 1 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
    To https://github.com/followWinter/git_test
推送所有标签到仓库
$ git push origin --tags
# 输出
Counting objects: 1, done.
Writing objects: 100% (1/1), 177 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 1 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To https://github.com/followWinter/git_test
 * [new tag]         v1.1.1 -> v1.1.1
```

0x012 分支

  • 创建一个分支

    $ git branch dev
    $ git branch
    # 输出
      dev
    * master
  • 切换分支

$ git checkout dev 
#输出
Switched to branch 'dev'
```
创建并切换到一个新的分支
```
$ git checkout -b dev-v2
#输出
Switched to a new branch 'dev-v2'
$ git branch
#输出
  dev
* dev-v2
  master
```

0x013 分支合并

$ echo "update a new feature " > index.html
$ git add index.html
$ git commit -a -m "添加一个新功能"
#输出
[dev-v2 4430bbd] 添加一个新功能
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
$ git checkout master
#输出
Switched to branch 'master'
$ git merge dev-v2
#输出
Updating 71855c1..4430bbd
Fast-forward
 index.html | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
$ git push origin master
#输出
Counting objects: 3, done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 328 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To https://github.com/followWinter/git_test
   71855c1..4430bbd  master -> master

0x014 拉取远程分支

当我们在两台电脑工作的时候,就会出现,本地和远程的代码不符合,这时候就必须从远程仓库拉取新的代码
```
$ git fetch # 或者使用`git pull`
#输出
remote: Counting objects: 9, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 9 (delta 0), reused 8 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (9/9), done.
From https://github.com/followWinter/git_test
 * [new branch]      feature1   -> origin/feature1
```
    原文作者:followWinter
    原文地址: https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000012065551
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