关于微服务你不得不知道的事——Spring Boot注解分析

2024年5月19日 192次阅读 来源: 陈斌

Spring Boot 注解分析

1 注解
1.1 定义
Annotation(注解)，用于为Java代码提供元数据。简单理解注解可以看做是一个个标签，用来标记代码。是一种应用于类、方法、参数、变量、构造器及包的一种特殊修饰符。

1.2 注解的声明

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
public @interface MyAnnotation{
​
}

1.3 元注解

元注解就是注解到注解上的注解，或者说元注解是一种基本注解，它能用来注解其他注解。

我们可以将元注解看成一种特殊的修饰符，用来解释说明注解，它是注解的元数据。

  • @Documented

被@Documented修饰的Annotation类将会被javadoc工具提取成文档。

  • @Inherited

被@Inherited修改的Annotation将具有继承性，如果某个类使用了@MyAnnotation注解(定义该Annotation时使用了@Inherited修饰)修饰，则其子类将自动被@MyAnnotation修饰。

  • @Retention

被@Retention修改的注解，结合RetentionPolicy.XXX可以指定该注解存在的声明周期。

SOURCE:仅存在Java源码文件，经过编译器后便丢弃

CLASS:存在Java源文件，以及经过编译器后生成的Class字节码文件，但在运行时JVM中不再保留

RUNTIME:存在源文件、变异生成的Class字节码文件，以及保留在运行时JVM中，可以通过反射读取注解信息

  • @Target

表示该注解类型所使用的程序元素类型，结合ElementType.XXX来使用。

  • @Repeatable

Java8新增的可重复注解。

1.4 JDK中常见注解

  • @Override

用于告知编译器，我们需要覆写超类的当前方法。

  • @Deprecated

使用这个注解，用于告知编译器，某一程序元素(比如方法，成员变量)不建议使用了(即过时了)。

  • @SuppressWarnings

用于告知编译器忽略特定的警告信息，例在泛型中使用原生数据类型，编译器会发出警告，当使用该注解后，则不会发出警告。

  • @FunctionalInterface

用户告知编译器，检查这个接口，保证该接口是函数式接口，即只能包含一个抽象方法，否则就会编译出错。

1.5 自定义注解使用

  • 格式

    @Documented
    @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
    @Inherited
    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
    public @interface MyAnnotataion{

       String name();
   int age() default 17;
   String hello() default "spring boot";

    }

  • 成员变量

定义：用无形参的方法形式来声明，注解方法不能带参数，比如name(),age()

类型：前面可以用数据类型来修饰

默认值：成员变量可以有默认值，比如default “spring boot”

  • 注解使用

    @MyAnnotation(name=”Jack”,age=16)
    public class Person {
    }

  • 反射获取类上的注解

    //1.获取需要解析注解的类
    Class<Person> clazz=Person.class;
    //2.判断该类上是否有注解
    if(clazz.isAnnotationPresent(MyAnnotation.class)){

       //3.获取该类上的注解
   MyAnnotation myAnnotation=clazz.getAnnotation(MyAnnotation.class);
   //4.打印出注解上的内容
   System.out.println(myAnnotation.name()+":"+myAnnotation.age());

    }

2 @SpringBootApplication
官网见：18. Using the @SpringBootApplication Annotation

The @SpringBootApplication annotation is equivalent to using @Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration, and @ComponentScan with their default attributes

@SpringBootConfiguration等同于@Configuration

3 @SpringBootConfiguration

@SpringBootConfiguration等同于@Configuration，@Configuration等同于@Component

3.1 作用
@SpringBootConfiguration继承自@Configuration，二者功能也一致，标注当前类是配置类。

并会将当前类内声明的一个或多个以@Bean注解标记的方法的实例纳入到Spring容器中，实例名就是方法名。

3.2 使用

  • @Configuration: allow to register extra beans in the context or
    import additional configuration classes

    @SpringBootConfiguration
    public class Config{

       @Bean
   public Map getMap(){
       Map map=new HashMap();
       map.put("username","Jack");
       return map;
   }

    }

可以直接通过context.getBean(“getMap”)的方式获取。

3.3 扩展

@Configuration等同与@Component

官网见[Spring Framework Core]：1.10.1. @Component and Further Stereotype Annotations

conclusion:@Component includes @Configuration,@Repository,@Service and @Controller

4 @ComponentScan

  • @ComponentScan: enable @Component scan on the package where the
    application is located (see the best practices)

官网见[Spring Framework Core]：1.10.3. Automatically Detecting Classes and Registering Bean Definitions

To autodetect these classes and register the corresponding beans, you need to add @ComponentScan to your @Configuration class, where the basePackages attribute is a common parent package for the two classes. (Alternatively, you can specify a comma- or semicolon- or space-separated list that includes the parent package of each class.)
@ComponentScan主要就是定义扫描的路径以及子路径中，找出标识了需要装配的类自动装配到Spring的bean容器中。

官网见：17. Spring Beans and Dependency Injection

If you structure your code as suggested above (locating your application class in a root package), you can add @ComponentScan without any arguments. All of your application components (@Component, @Service, @Repository, @Controller etc.) are automatically registered as Spring Beans.

5 @EnableAutoConfiguration

  • @EnableAutoConfiguration: enable Spring Boot’s auto-configuration
    mechanism

官网见： 11.3.2 The @EnableAutoConfiguration Annotation

The second class-level annotation is @EnableAutoConfiguration. This annotation tells Spring Boot to “guess” how you want to configure Spring, based on the jar dependencies that you have added. Since spring-boot-starter-web added Tomcat and Spring MVC, the auto-configuration assumes that you are developing a web application and sets up Spring accordingly.

  • 5.1 @Import(XXX)

借助AutoConfigurationImportSelector，@EnableAutoConfiguration可以帮助Spring Boot应用将所有符合条件的@Configuration配置都加载到IoC容器中

  • 5.2 SpringFactoriesLoader

selectImports方法

@Override
public String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
   if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
      return NO_IMPORTS;
   }
   AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata = AutoConfigurationMetadataLoader
         .loadMetadata(this.beanClassLoader);
   AutoConfigurationEntry autoConfigurationEntry = getAutoConfigurationEntry(
         autoConfigurationMetadata, annotationMetadata);
   return StringUtils.toStringArray(autoConfigurationEntry.getConfigurations());
}

  • 读取候选装配组件getCandidateConfigurations

    protected AutoConfigurationEntry getAutoConfigurationEntry(

         AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata,
     AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
  if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
     return EMPTY_ENTRY;
  }
  AnnotationAttributes attributes = getAttributes(annotationMetadata);
  List<String> configurations = getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata,
        attributes);
  configurations = removeDuplicates(configurations);
  Set<String> exclusions = getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes);
  checkExcludedClasses(configurations, exclusions);
  configurations.removeAll(exclusions);
  configurations = filter(configurations, autoConfigurationMetadata);
  fireAutoConfigurationImportEvents(configurations, exclusions);
  return new AutoConfigurationEntry(configurations, exclusions);

    }

    protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata,

         AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
  List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(
        getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(), getBeanClassLoader());
  Assert.notEmpty(configurations,
        "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you "
              + "are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
   return configurations;
}

  • SpringFacotriesLoader.loadFactoryNames

    public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryClass, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {

      String factoryClassName = factoryClass.getName();
  return loadSpringFactories(classLoader).getOrDefault(factoryClassName, Collections.emptyList());

    }

  • 点开loadSpringFactories

Enumeration<URL> urls = (classLoader != null ?

  classLoader.getResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION) :
  ClassLoader.getSystemResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION));
  • 点开FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION

    public static final String FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION = “META-INF/spring.factories”;

5.3 autoconfigure.jar

# Initializers
org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextInitializer=\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SharedMetadataReaderFactoryContextInitializer,\
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.logging.ConditionEvaluationReportLoggingListener

6 @Conditional

  • Indicates that a component is only eligible for registration when all
  • {@linkplain #value specified conditions} match.

6.1 Understanding Auto-Configured Beans
官网见：49.1 Understanding Auto-configured Beans

Under the hood, auto-configuration is implemented with standard

@Configuration classes. Additional @Conditional annotations are used

to constrain when the auto-configuration should apply. Usually,

auto-configuration classes use @ConditionalOnClass and

@ConditionalOnMissingBean annotations. This ensures that

auto-configuration applies only when relevant classes are found and

when you have not declared your own @Configuration.

You can browse the source code of spring-boot-autoconfigure to see the
@Configuration classes that Spring provides (see the
META-INF/spring.factoriesfile).

6.2 Condition Annotations
官网见：49.3 Condition Annotations

You almost always want to include one or more @Conditional annotations

on your auto-configuration class. The @ConditionalOnMissingBean

annotation is one common example that is used to allow developers to

override auto-configuration if they are not happy with your defaults.

Spring Boot includes a number of @Conditional annotations that you can
reuse in your own code by annotating @Configuration classes or
individual @Beanmethods. These annotations include:

Section 49.3.1, “Class Conditions”

Section 49.3.2, “Bean Conditions”

Section 49.3.3, “Property Conditions”

Section 49.3.4, “Resource Conditions”

Section 49.3.5, “Web Application Conditions”

Section 49.3.6, “SpEL Expression Conditions”

翻译:不同类型的Conditional

（1）ConditionalOnClass：当且仅当ClassPath存在指定的Class时，才创建标记上该注解的类的实例

（2）ConditionalOnBean: 当且仅当指定的bean classes and/or bean names在当前容器中,才创建标记上该注解的类的实例

（3）ConditionalOnProperty：当且仅当Application.properties存在指定的配置项时，创建标记上了该注解的类的实例

（4）ConditionalOnResource：在classpath下存在指定的resource时创建

（5）ConditionalOnWebApplication：在web环境下创建

    原文作者：陈斌
    原文地址: https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000019767544
    本文转自网络文章，转载此文章仅为分享知识，如有侵权，请联系博主进行删除。
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