Binary Bomb: 二进制炸弹

前言

这是CSAPP官网上的著名实验,二进制炸弹,
通过gdb反汇编猜测程序意图,共有6关和一个隐藏关卡,
只有输入正确的字符串才能过关,否则会程序会bomb终止运行,
隐藏关卡需要输入特定字符串方会开启

实验材料可到我的github仓库 https://github.com/Cheukyin/C… 下载

预备

反汇编:
objdump -d bomb > bomb_assembly_32.S

Phase 1

打开bomb_assembly_32.S,定位到·<phase_1>函数,可以看到以下代码:

8048b26:    8b 45 08                 mov    0x8(%ebp),%eax
8048b29:    83 c4 f8                 add    $0xfffffff8,%esp
8048b2c:    68 c0 97 04 08           push   $0x80497c0
8048b31:    50                       push   %eax
8048b32:    e8 f9 04 00 00           call   8049030 <strings_not_equal>
8048b37:    83 c4 10                 add    $0x10,%esp
8048b3a:    85 c0                    test   %eax,%eax
8048b3c:    74 05                    je     8048b43 <phase_1+0x23>
8048b3e:    e8 b9 09 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

可以看出,用户输入字串指针保存在0x8(%ebp), <phase_1>此指针放入eax,
然后把$0x80497c0压栈,再把eax也就是用户字串指针压栈,
然后调用<strings_not_equal>
<strings_not_equal>返回后,测试返回值,
equal则进入下一phase,否则<explode_bomb>

<strings_not_equal>可知该函数用于比较两函数的值,因此需要两个字串作为输入,
上面代码中,push %eax用于传递用户字串指针,
push $0x80497c0自然是传递比较字串的指针了.

打开gdb,x/s 0x80497c0, 可以直接查看到该指针指向的子符串:
Public speaking is very easy.

Phase 2

打开bomb_assembly_32.S,定位到<phase_2>函数,留意以下几行:

8048b50:    8b 55 08                 mov    0x8(%ebp),%edx
8048b53:    83 c4 f8                 add    $0xfffffff8,%esp
8048b56:    8d 45 e8                 lea    -0x18(%ebp),%eax
8048b59:    50                       push   %eax
8048b5a:    52                       push   %edx
8048b5b:    e8 78 04 00 00           call   8048fd8 <read_six_numbers>

mov 0x8(%ebp),%edx将用户字串指针存入edx,

lea -0x18(%ebp),%eax把ebp-0x18这个地址存入eax,

则最后三句

push %eax
push %edx
call 8048fd8 <read_six_numbers>

相当于read_six_numbers( 用户字串指针地址, ebp-0x18 )

现在我们切换到<read_six_numbers>,看看这个函数是干什么的:

先来看下面2行:

8048fde:    8b 4d 08                 mov    0x8(%ebp),%ecx
8048fe1:    8b 55 0c                 mov    0xc(%ebp),%edx

把用户字串指针存入ecx, ebp-0x18存入edx

往下看:

8048fe4:    8d 42 14                 lea    0x14(%edx),%eax

eax存入了 edx+0x14 这个值

再往下:

8048fe7:    50                       push   %eax
8048fe8:    8d 42 10                 lea    0x10(%edx),%eax
8048feb:    50                       push   %eax
8048fec:    8d 42 0c                 lea    0xc(%edx),%eax
8048fef:    50                       push   %eax
8048ff0:    8d 42 08                 lea    0x8(%edx),%eax
8048ff3:    50                       push   %eax
8048ff4:    8d 42 04                 lea    0x4(%edx),%eax
8048ff7:    50                       push   %eax
8048ff8:    52                       push   %edx

上面几行依次把 edx+0x14, edx+0x10, edx+0xc, edx+0x8, edx+4, edx6个地址值压栈
注意edx<phase_2>stack frameebp-0x18 这个地址值

8048ff9:    68 1b 9b 04 08           push   $0x8049b1b
8048ffe:    51                       push   %ecx
8048fff:    e8 5c f8 ff ff           call   8048860 <sscanf@plt>

前2行把 $0x8049b1becx(用户字串指针) 压栈, 然后调用sscanf

sscanf的原型是int sscanf(const char *str, const char *format, ...);
format的格式解释str,然后把得到的值放入后面省略号所代表的变量中

因此, 按刚才压栈的顺序, str是用户输入字串, $0x8049b1bformat的地址,
edx, edx+4, ..., edx+0x14是对应的变量.

先用gdb查看format, x/s $0x8049b1b, "%d %d %d %d %d %d".
可知,需要从用户字串中提取6个整数,存入(edx)--(edx+0x14)中.

综上, <read_six_numbers> 作用就是从用户字串中提取6个数字, 存入<phase_2> stack frame中的(ebp-0x18)

回到<phase_2>接着看:

8048b63:    83 7d e8 01              cmpl   $0x1,-0x18(%ebp)
8048b67:    74 05                    je     8048b6e <phase_2+0x26>
8048b69:    e8 8e 09 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

测试(ebp-0x18)是否等于1, 不等则bomb, 因此用户输入的第一个数字应为1.

8048b6e:    bb 01 00 00 00           mov    $0x1,%ebx
8048b73:    8d 75 e8                 lea    -0x18(%ebp),%esi

ebx=1, esi = ebp-18

8048b76:    8d 43 01                 lea    0x1(%ebx),%eax
8048b79:    0f af 44 9e fc           imul   -0x4(%esi,%ebx,4),%eax
8048b7e:    39 04 9e                 cmp    %eax,(%esi,%ebx,4)
8048b81:    74 05                    je     8048b88 <phase_2+0x40>
8048b83:    e8 74 09 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>
8048b88:    43                       inc    %ebx
8048b89:    83 fb 05                 cmp    $0x5,%ebx
8048b8c:    7e e8                    jle    8048b76 <phase_2+0x2e>

注意, esi是存放6个数字中第1数字的地址,
因此 -0x4(%esi,%ebx,4) 表示第ebx个数字,
(%esi,ebx,4)表示第ebx+1个数字
因此上面第3-6行代码检查 a[ebx]*(ebx+1) == a[ebx+1], 其中a[n]表示第n个数字
若不等则bomb,否则ebx1并循环

因此<phase_2>需要输入一个数列, a[1]=1, a[n+1] = a[n]*(n+1), n<=6
1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720

Phase 3

打开bomb_assembly_32.S,定位到<phase_3>函数,可以看到以下代码:

;; edx stores pointer of user input

8048b9f:    8b 55 08                 mov    0x8(%ebp),%edx
8048ba2:    83 c4 f4                 add    $0xfffffff4,%esp

;; push ebp-4 onto stack

8048ba5:    8d 45 fc                 lea    -0x4(%ebp),%eax
8048ba8:    50                       push   %eax

;; push ebp-5 onto stack

8048ba9:    8d 45 fb                 lea    -0x5(%ebp),%eax
8048bac:    50                       push   %eax

;; push ebp-12 onto stack

8048bad:    8d 45 f4                 lea    -0xc(%ebp),%eax
8048bb0:    50                       push   %eax

;; push $0x80497de onto stack
;; gdb x/s 0x80497de: "%d %c %d"

8048bb1:    68 de 97 04 08           push   $0x80497de

;; push pointer of user input onto stack

8048bb6:    52                       push   %edx
8048bb7:    e8 a4 fc ff ff           call   8048860 <sscanf@plt>

具体代码请看注释,一开始主要是sscanf(用户字串指针, "%d %c %d", ebp-12, ebp-5, ebp-4)

继续看下去:

;; (ebp-12) stores the first int, compare to 7
;; cmpl takes (ebp-12) as unsigned int

8048bc9:    83 7d f4 07              cmpl   $0x7,-0xc(%ebp)

;; (unsigned)(ebp-12) > 7, jump to 0x8048c88, which will bomb

8048bcd:    0f 87 b5 00 00 00        ja     8048c88 <phase_3+0xf0>

;; jump to *( 0x80497e8 + 4*(the first int) )

8048bd3:    8b 45 f4                 mov    -0xc(%ebp),%eax
8048bd6:    ff 24 85 e8 97 04 08     jmp    *0x80497e8(,%eax,4)

关键在于最后的跳转,根据输入的第一个整数确定跳转地址,
地址存储在(0x80497e8 + 4*(the first int)).
容易联想到(0x80497e8)存储着一个跳转表,用gdb查看之,x/10wx 0x80497e8:

0x80497e8:    0x08048be0    0x08048c00    0x08048c16    0x08048c28
0x80497f8:    0x08048c40    0x08048c52    0x08048c64    0x08048c76
0x8049808:    0x67006425    0x746e6169

可以看到表中有很多个地址,先来看第一个地址指向的语句(对应的输入整数为0):

;; bl = 0x71

8048be0:    b3 71                    mov    $0x71,%bl

;; if 0x309==777==the last int,
;; jump to 0x8048c8f, which will compare the char

8048be2:    81 7d fc 09 03 00 00     cmpl   $0x309,-0x4(%ebp)
8048be9:    0f 84 a0 00 00 00        je     8048c8f <phase_3+0xf7>
8048bef:    e8 08 09 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

可以看出,先把0x71存入bl,
然后若输入的最后一个整数==777的话,则跳转到0x8048c8f

;; after compare the last int, jump here
;; bl = 0x71 = 'q', compare to the char
;; if ==, jump to 0x8048c99, and leave this function

8048c8f:    3a 5d fb                 cmp    -0x5(%ebp),%bl
8048c92:    74 05                    je     8048c99 <phase_3+0x101>
8048c94:    e8 63 08 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

比较输入的字符是否等于'q',若等于则defuse成功
因此,输入应为: "0 q 777"
当然此题应该有不止一个答案,选择跳转表中不同的地址会导致不同的输入.

Phase 4

打开bomb_assembly_32.S,定位到<phase_4>函数,可以看到以下代码:

;; edx = pointer of input string

8048ce6:    8b 55 08                 mov    0x8(%ebp),%edx
8048ce9:    83 c4 fc                 add    $0xfffffffc,%esp

;; eax = ebp-4

8048cec:    8d 45 fc                 lea    -0x4(%ebp),%eax

;; push ebp-4

8048cef:    50                       push   %eax

;; push $0x8049808
;; x/s 0x804980: "%d"

8048cf0:    68 08 98 04 08           push   $0x8049808

;; push pointer of input string

8048cf5:    52                       push   %edx
8048cf6:    e8 65 fb ff ff           call   8048860 <sscanf@plt>

就是读入一个整数,存入ebp-4

;; func4( input_number )

8048d11:    8b 45 fc                 mov    -0x4(%ebp),%eax
8048d14:    50                       push   %eax
8048d15:    e8 86 ff ff ff           call   8048ca0 <func4>
8048d1a:    83 c4 10                 add    $0x10,%esp

;; eax should contain the return value of <func4>
;; if eax == 0x37 == 55, defused

8048d1d:    83 f8 37                 cmp    $0x37,%eax
8048d20:    74 05                    je     8048d27 <phase_4+0x47>
8048d22:    e8 d5 07 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

然后比较func4( input_number )==55, 若等于则成功defuse.

接下来看看<func4>:

;; ebx = input_number

8048ca8:    8b 5d 08                 mov    0x8(%ebp),%ebx

;; if input_number<=1, <func4> return 1

8048cab:    83 fb 01                 cmp    $0x1,%ebx
8048cae:    7e 20                    jle    8048cd0 <func4+0x30>
8048cb0:    83 c4 f4                 add    $0xfffffff4,%esp

;; esi == func4( input_number-1 )

8048cb3:    8d 43 ff                 lea    -0x1(%ebx),%eax
8048cb6:    50                       push   %eax
8048cb7:    e8 e4 ff ff ff           call   8048ca0 <func4>
8048cbc:    89 c6                    mov    %eax,%esi
8048cbe:    83 c4 f4                 add    $0xfffffff4,%esp

;; esi += func4( input_number-2 )

8048cc1:    8d 43 fe                 lea    -0x2(%ebx),%eax
8048cc4:    50                       push   %eax
8048cc5:    e8 d6 ff ff ff           call   8048ca0 <func4>
8048cca:    01 f0                    add    %esi,%eax

很明显是Fibonacci数列, func4(n) = func4(n-1) + func4(n-2)
注意f(0)=f(1)=1, 通过简单计算知f(9)=55
因此输入应为55

Phase 5

打开bomb_assembly_32.S,定位到<phase_5>函数,可以看到以下代码:

;; ebx = pointer of input
;; push ebx onto stack
;; call string_length

8048d34:    8b 5d 08                 mov    0x8(%ebp),%ebx
8048d37:    83 c4 f4                 add    $0xfffffff4,%esp
8048d3a:    53                       push   %ebx
8048d3b:    e8 d8 02 00 00           call   8049018 <string_length>
8048d40:    83 c4 10                 add    $0x10,%esp

;; eax stores the return value of string_length
;; if eax == 6, jump to 0x8048d4d 

8048d43:    83 f8 06                 cmp    $0x6,%eax
8048d46:    74 05                    je     8048d4d <phase_5+0x21>
8048d48:    e8 af 07 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

从上面代码可知,输入需要6个字符.

;; edx = 0

8048d4d:    31 d2                    xor    %edx,%edx

;; ecx = ebp-8

8048d4f:    8d 4d f8                 lea    -0x8(%ebp),%ecx

;; esi = 0x804b220

8048d52:    be 20 b2 04 08           mov    $0x804b220,%esi

;; edx is a counter from 0 to 5
;; al = (edx + ebx), then al reads a char each time

8048d57:    8a 04 1a                 mov    (%edx,%ebx,1),%al

;; extract the low 4 bit of al

8048d5a:    24 0f                    and    $0xf,%al

;; sign-extend al to eax

8048d5c:    0f be c0                 movsbl %al,%eax

;; al = ( eax + 0x804b220 )
;; x/16c 0x804b220:
;; 0x804b220:    105 'i'    115 's'    114 'r'    118 'v'    101 'e'    97 'a'    119 'w'    104 'h'
;; 0x804b228:    111 'o'    98 'b'    112 'p'    110 'n'    117 'u'    116 't'    102 'f'    103 'g'

8048d5f:    8a 04 30                 mov    (%eax,%esi,1),%al

;; edx + ecx = al,
;; notice that, ecx = ebp-8
;; and edx is a counter from 0 to 5

8048d62:    88 04 0a                 mov    %al,(%edx,%ecx,1)
8048d65:    42                       inc    %edx

;; loop

8048d66:    83 fa 05                 cmp    $0x5,%edx
8048d69:    7e ec                    jle    8048d57 <phase_5+0x2b>

;; ebp-2 = 0, a terminal of string started from ebp-8

8048d6b:    c6 45 fe 00              movb   $0x0,-0x2(%ebp)
8048d6f:    83 c4 f8                 add    $0xfffffff8,%esp

上面代码的作用是循环读取6个输入字符中的每一字符input[k],
提取input[k]的低四位,把这四位构成的整数index当作索引,

查找0x804b220开始16个字节中存储的字符.
gdb查看, x/16c 0x804b220:

0x804b220:    105 'i'    115 's'    114 'r'    118 'v'    101 'e'    97 'a'    119 'w'    104 'h'
0x804b228:    111 'o'    98 'b'    112 'p'    110 'n'    117 'u'    116 't'    102 'f'    103 'g'

获取0x804b220[ input[k] & 0xf ]后,将之copy(ebp-8)[k]

继续看:

;; x/s 0x804980b: "giants"
;; push "giants"

8048d72:    68 0b 98 04 08           push   $0x804980b

;; push ebp-8

8048d77:    8d 45 f8                 lea    -0x8(%ebp),%eax
8048d7a:    50                       push   %eax

;; compare "giants" and the string started from ebp-8

8048d7b:    e8 b0 02 00 00           call   8049030 <strings_not_equal>
8048d80:    83 c4 10                 add    $0x10,%esp
8048d83:    85 c0                    test   %eax,%eax

;; if two strings equal to each other, defused

8048d85:    74 05                    je     8048d8c <phase_5+0x60>
8048d87:    e8 70 07 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

上面代码便是将ebp-18开始的字串和giants比较,若相等,则defused.

注意到 (ebp-18)[k] = 0x804b220[ input[k] & 0xf ]

0x804b220:    105 'i'    115 's'    114 'r'    118 'v'    101 'e'    97 'a'    119 'w'    104 'h'
0x804b228:    111 'o'    98 'b'    112 'p'    110 'n'    117 'u'    116 't'    102 'f'    103 'g'

因此,

input[0]&0xf = 0xf, input[1]&0xf = 0x0,
input[2]&0xf = 0x5, input[3]&0xf = 0xb,
input[4]&0xf = 0xd, input[5]&0xf = 0x1,

只要输入的各个字符的低四位符合上面就好,我个人选取了opekma

Phase 6

写得太复杂了,各种内外循环,各种跳转,看得头晕,日后有闲再看.

现在先把能看懂的部份写出来:

;; edx = pointer of input

8048da1:    8b 55 08                 mov    0x8(%ebp),%edx

;; (ebp-0x34) = $0x804b26c

8048da4:    c7 45 cc 6c b2 04 08     movl   $0x804b26c,-0x34(%ebp)
8048dab:    83 c4 f8                 add    $0xfffffff8,%esp

;; read six numbers from input,
;; and storse in the area started from ebp-18

8048dae:    8d 45 e8                 lea    -0x18(%ebp),%eax
8048db1:    50                       push   %eax
8048db2:    52                       push   %edx
8048db3:    e8 20 02 00 00           call   8048fd8 <read_six_numbers>

上面代码就是从输入读入6个整数,存入ebp-0x18,

初步怀疑0x804b26c地址存放着一个链表.

;; edi = 0

8048db8:    31 ff                    xor    %edi,%edi
8048dba:    83 c4 10                 add    $0x10,%esp
8048dbd:    8d 76 00                 lea    0x0(%esi),%esi

;; eax = (ebp-0x18 + 4*edi) = six-number[edi]
;; ebp-0x18 = the beginning address of the six numbers
;; edi is a counter from 0 to 5

8048dc0:    8d 45 e8                 lea    -0x18(%ebp),%eax
8048dc3:    8b 04 b8                 mov    (%eax,%edi,4),%eax

;; eax = six-number[edi]-1

8048dc6:    48                       dec    %eax

;; if eax <= 5 , continue

8048dc7:    83 f8 05                 cmp    $0x5,%eax
8048dca:    76 05                    jbe    8048dd1 <phase_6+0x39>
8048dcc:    e8 2b 07 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

;; if edi+1 > 5, finish edi loop

8048dd1:    8d 5f 01                 lea    0x1(%edi),%ebx
8048dd4:    83 fb 05                 cmp    $0x5,%ebx
8048dd7:    7f 23                    jg     8048dfc <phase_6+0x64>

;; (ebp-0x38) = edi*4

8048dd9:    8d 04 bd 00 00 00 00     lea    0x0(,%edi,4),%eax
8048de0:    89 45 c8                 mov    %eax,-0x38(%ebp)

;; esi = ebp-18 = the beginning address of the six numbers

8048de3:    8d 75 e8                 lea    -0x18(%ebp),%esi

;; edx = (ebp-0x38) = edi*4
;; inner loops,
;; ebx is the counter from edi+1 to 5

8048de6:    8b 55 c8                 mov    -0x38(%ebp),%edx

;; eax = edx + esi = six-number[edi]

8048de9:    8b 04 32                 mov    (%edx,%esi,1),%eax

;; compare six-number[edi] and six-number[edi+ebx]

8048dec:    3b 04 9e                 cmp    (%esi,%ebx,4),%eax

;; if six-number[edi] != six-number[edi+1], continue

8048def:    75 05                    jne    8048df6 <phase_6+0x5e>
8048df1:    e8 06 07 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

;; ebx++
;; if ebx<=5, jump to 0x8048de6, ebx loops
;; else , finish ebx loop

8048df6:    43                       inc    %ebx
8048df7:    83 fb 05                 cmp    $0x5,%ebx
8048dfa:    7e ea                    jle    8048de6 <phase_6+0x4e>

内外两层循环,外层用edi计数,确保输入的6个整数不大于6,
内层用ebx计数,保证所有数字两两不相等.

再往后的代码异常混乱,各种链表离历,没空看….

先从网上获得答案:4 2 6 3 1 5

Secret Phase

首先要找到<secret_phase>的入口,经搜索发现入口是在<phase_defused>里面.

先来看看<phase_defused>:

;; every time call read_line, ( 0x804b480 )++
;; only with 6 correct answer given ,will the secret phase appear

8049533:    83 3d 80 b4 04 08 06     cmpl   $0x6,0x804b480
804953a:    75 63                    jne    804959f <phase_defused+0x73>

(0x804b480)是一个计数器,每当调用一次<read_line>每自增1,因此只有6关全通才能打开隐藏关卡.

;; push ebp-0x50

804953c:    8d 5d b0                 lea    -0x50(%ebp),%ebx
804953f:    53                       push   %ebx

;; push ebp-0x54

8049540:    8d 45 ac                 lea    -0x54(%ebp),%eax
8049543:    50                       push   %eax

;; (gdb) x/s 0x8049d03
;; 0x8049d03:    "%d %s"

8049544:    68 03 9d 04 08           push   $0x8049d03

;; push the string stores in 0x804b770
;; the address of input of phase 4

8049549:    68 70 b7 04 08           push   $0x804b770
804954e:    e8 0d f3 ff ff           call   8048860 <sscanf@plt>

....

;; (gdb) x/s 0x8049d09
;; 0x8049d09:    "austinpowers"

804955e:    68 09 9d 04 08           push   $0x8049d09

;; push the %s

8049563:    53                       push   %ebx
8049564:    e8 c7 fa ff ff           call   8049030 <strings_not_equal>

省略号上方的代码调用sscanf( (char *)0x804b770, "%d %s", (int *)(ebp-0x54), (char *)ebp-0x50 )
即从0x804b770读入一个整数和字串.

再看省略号下方的代码,比较读入的字串和austinpowers, 若相等,则打开<secret_phase>

好了,现在问题是,如何把一个整数和austinpowers写入地址0x804b770?

回想前几关,写入字串都是通过read_line,所以猜想可能是在某一关的输入中多输入些内容以写入地址0x804b770.

gdb查看前几关输入字串的指针,发现第4关的输入刚好是在地址0x804b770,而Phase 4只需输入一个数字,因此只需

在第4关的输入中多输入一个austinpowers即可进入<secret_phase>.

现在看看<secret_phase>:

8048eef:    e8 08 03 00 00           call   80491fc <read_line>
8048ef4:    6a 00                    push   $0x0

;; strtol( user input string, 0, 10)
;; long int strtol(const char *nptr, char **endptr, int base);
;; converts the initial part of the string in nptr to a long integer value according to the given base

8048ef6:    6a 0a                    push   $0xa
8048ef8:    6a 00                    push   $0x0
8048efa:    50                       push   %eax
8048efb:    e8 f0 f8 ff ff           call   80487f0 <__strtol_internal@plt>

首先,读入一个字串,并用strtol将之转换为long int.

;; if fun7( 0x804b320, the input long int )
;; x/d 0x804b320: (0x804b320) = 36

8048f17:    53                       push   %ebx
8048f18:    68 20 b3 04 08           push   $0x804b320
8048f1d:    e8 72 ff ff ff           call   8048e94 <fun7>
8048f22:    83 c4 10                 add    $0x10,%esp

;; if fun7(0x804b320, the input long int) == 7, defused

8048f25:    83 f8 07                 cmp    $0x7,%eax
8048f28:    74 05                    je     8048f2f <secret_phase+0x47>
8048f2a:    e8 cd 05 00 00           call   80494fc <explode_bomb>

代码很简单,调用fun7( (void *)0x804b320, 输入的整数 ),若返回值==7, 则成功defused.

现在看看<fun7>:

;; edx = the first parameter, an address

8048e9a:    8b 55 08                 mov    0x8(%ebp),%edx

;; eax = the input long int

8048e9d:    8b 45 0c                 mov    0xc(%ebp),%eax

;; if edx != 0

8048ea0:    85 d2                    test   %edx,%edx
8048ea2:    75 0c                    jne    8048eb0 <fun7+0x1c>
8048ea4:    b8 ff ff ff ff           mov    $0xffffffff,%eax
8048ea9:    eb 37                    jmp    8048ee2 <fun7+0x4e>
8048eab:    90                       nop
8048eac:    8d 74 26 00              lea    0x0(%esi,%eiz,1),%esi

;; if the input number >= (edx), jump to 0x8048ec5 

8048eb0:    3b 02                    cmp    (%edx),%eax
8048eb2:    7d 11                    jge    8048ec5 <fun7+0x31>

;; eax > (edx)

8048eb4:    83 c4 f8                 add    $0xfffffff8,%esp

;; <func7>( (edx+4) ,the input long int )

8048eb7:    50                       push   %eax
8048eb8:    8b 42 04                 mov    0x4(%edx),%eax
8048ebb:    50                       push   %eax
8048ebc:    e8 d3 ff ff ff           call   8048e94 <fun7>

;; return eax *= 2, exit

8048ec1:    01 c0                    add    %eax,%eax
8048ec3:    eb 1d                    jmp    8048ee2 <fun7+0x4e>

;; the input number >= (edx)
;; if eax == (edx), return eax=0

8048ec5:    3b 02                    cmp    (%edx),%eax
8048ec7:    74 17                    je     8048ee0 <fun7+0x4c>

;; the input number > (edx)

8048ec9:    83 c4 f8                 add    $0xfffffff8,%esp

;; <fun7>( (edx+8) ,the input long int )

8048ecc:    50                       push   %eax
8048ecd:    8b 42 08                 mov    0x8(%edx),%eax
8048ed0:    50                       push   %eax
8048ed1:    e8 be ff ff ff           call   8048e94 <fun7>

;; fun7 return 2*eax + 1

8048ed6:    01 c0                    add    %eax,%eax
8048ed8:    40                       inc    %eax
8048ed9:    eb 07                    jmp    8048ee2 <fun7+0x4e>
8048edb:    90                       nop
8048edc:    8d 74 26 00              lea    0x0(%esi,%eiz,1),%esi
8048ee0:    31 c0                    xor    %eax,%eax

从上面代码可看出函数原型是:fun7( void *address, long int number ).

  • number == *(int*)address, fun7( address, number) = 0

  • number > *(int*)address, fun7( address, number) = 2*fun7( address+8, number ) + 1

  • number < *(int*)address, fun7( address, number) = 2*fun7( address+4, number )

从上面可以看出, 上面的address表示的是棵二叉树(左子树的值<父节点的值, 右子树的值>父节点的值):

struct BST

{
    int num;
    struct BST *left;
    struct BST *right;
} *bst;

则上面的递推式可表示为:

  • number == bst->num, fun7( bst, number ) = 0;

  • number > bst->num, fun7( bst, number ) = 2*fun7( bst->right, number ) + 1;

  • number < bst->num, fun7( bst, number ) = 2*fun7( bst->left, number );

鉴于<secret_phase>需要fun7( (struct BST *)0x804b320, number )返回7, 一个奇数, 所以第一步应该执行第二钟情况,

又经观察发现以下递推规律:

fun7( (struct BST *)0x804b320, number )
=   2 * fun7( (struct BST *)0x804b320->right, number ) + 1
=   2 * (2 * fun7( (struct BST *)0x804b320->right->right, number ) + 1) + 1
=   4 * fun7( (struct BST *)0x804b320->right->right, number ) + 3
=   4 * (2 * fun7( (struct BST *)0x804b320->right->right->right, number ) + 1) + 3
=   8 * fun7( (struct BST *)0x804b320->right->right->right, number ) + 7

因此当 number == (struct BST *)0x804b320->right->right->right->num, fun7便可返回7

gdb查看,

x/wx 0x804b320+8  ==>  0x0804b308 
x/wx 0x804b308+8  ==>  0x0804b2d8
x/wx 0x804b2d8+8  ==>  0x0804b278
x/d  0x0804b278   ==>  1001

因此应输入1001

    原文作者:cheukyin
    原文地址: https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000008356366
    本文转自网络文章,转载此文章仅为分享知识,如有侵权,请联系博主进行删除。
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