package edu.princeton.cs.algs4;

/**
 *  The <tt>BTree</tt> class represents an ordered symbol table of generic
 *  key-value pairs.
 *  It supports the <em>put</em>, <em>get</em>, <em>contains</em>,
 *  <em>size</em>, and <em>is-empty</em> methods.
 *  A symbol table implements the <em>associative array</em> abstraction:
 *  when associating a value with a key that is already in the symbol table,
 *  the convention is to replace the old value with the new value.
 *  Unlike {@link java.util.Map}, this class uses the convention that
 *  values cannot be <tt>null</tt>—setting the
 *  value associated with a key to <tt>null</tt> is equivalent to deleting the key
 *  from the symbol table.
 *  <p>
 *  This implementation uses a B-tree. It requires that
 *  the key type implements the <tt>Comparable</tt> interface and calls the
 *  <tt>compareTo()</tt> and method to compare two keys. It does not call either
 *  <tt>equals()</tt> or <tt>hashCode()</tt>.
 *  The <em>get</em>, <em>put</em>, and <em>contains</em> operations
 *  each make log<sub><em>M</em></sub>(<em>N</em>) probes in the worst case,
 *  where <em>N</em> is the number of key-value pairs
 *  and <em>M</em> is the branching factor.
 *  The <em>size</em>, and <em>is-empty</em> operations take constant time.
 *  Construction takes constant time.
 *  <p>
 *  For additional documentation, see
 *  <a href="http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/62btree">Section 6.2</a> of
 *  <i>Algorithms, 4th Edition</i> by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 */
public class BTree<Key extends Comparable<Key>, Value>  {
    // max children per B-tree node = M-1
    // (must be even and greater than 2)
    private static final int M = 4;

    private Node root;       // root of the B-tree
    private int height;      // height of the B-tree
    private int N;           // number of key-value pairs in the B-tree

    // helper B-tree node data type
    private static final class Node {
        private int m;                             // number of children
        private Entry[] children = new Entry[M];   // the array of children

        // create a node with k children
        private Node(int k) {
            m = k;
        }
    }

    // internal nodes: only use key and next
    // external nodes: only use key and value
    private static class Entry {
        private Comparable key;
        private Object val;
        private Node next;     // helper field to iterate over array entries
        public Entry(Comparable key, Object val, Node next) {
            this.key  = key;
            this.val  = val;
            this.next = next;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Initializes an empty B-tree.
     */
    public BTree() {
        root = new Node(0);
    }
 
    /**
     * Returns true if this symbol table is empty.
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this symbol table is empty; <tt>false</tt> otherwise
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of key-value pairs in this symbol table.
     * @return the number of key-value pairs in this symbol table
     */
    public int size() {
        return N;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the height of this B-tree (for debugging).
     *
     * @return the height of this B-tree
     */
    public int height() {
        return height;
    }


    /**
     * Returns the value associated with the given key.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @return the value associated with the given key if the key is in the symbol table
     *         and <tt>null</tt> if the key is not in the symbol table
     * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>key</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
     */
    public Value get(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new NullPointerException("key must not be null");
        return search(root, key, height);
    }

    private Value search(Node x, Key key, int ht) {
        Entry[] children = x.children;

        // external node
        if (ht == 0) {
            for (int j = 0; j < x.m; j++) {
                if (eq(key, children[j].key)) return (Value) children[j].val;
            }
        }

        // internal node
        else {
            for (int j = 0; j < x.m; j++) {
                if (j+1 == x.m || less(key, children[j+1].key))
                    return search(children[j].next, key, ht-1);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }


    /**
     * Inserts the key-value pair into the symbol table, overwriting the old value
     * with the new value if the key is already in the symbol table.
     * If the value is <tt>null</tt>, this effectively deletes the key from the symbol table.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @param  val the value
     * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>key</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
     */
    public void put(Key key, Value val) {
        if (key == null) throw new NullPointerException("key must not be null");
        Node u = insert(root, key, val, height); 
        N++;
        if (u == null) return;

        // need to split root
        Node t = new Node(2);
        t.children[0] = new Entry(root.children[0].key, null, root);
        t.children[1] = new Entry(u.children[0].key, null, u);
        root = t;
        height++;
    }

    private Node insert(Node h, Key key, Value val, int ht) {
        int j;
        Entry t = new Entry(key, val, null);

        // external node
        if (ht == 0) {
            for (j = 0; j < h.m; j++) {
                if (less(key, h.children[j].key)) break;
            }
        }

        // internal node
        else {
            for (j = 0; j < h.m; j++) {
                if ((j+1 == h.m) || less(key, h.children[j+1].key)) {
                    Node u = insert(h.children[j++].next, key, val, ht-1);
                    if (u == null) return null;
                    t.key = u.children[0].key;
                    t.next = u;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        for (int i = h.m; i > j; i--)
            h.children[i] = h.children[i-1];
        h.children[j] = t;
        h.m++;
        if (h.m < M) return null;
        else         return split(h);
    }

    // split node in half
    private Node split(Node h) {
        Node t = new Node(M/2);
        h.m = M/2;
        for (int j = 0; j < M/2; j++)
            t.children[j] = h.children[M/2+j]; 
        return t;    
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of this B-tree (for debugging).
     *
     * @return a string representation of this B-tree.
     */
    public String toString() {
        return toString(root, height, "") + "\n";
    }

    private String toString(Node h, int ht, String indent) {
        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
        Entry[] children = h.children;

        if (ht == 0) {
            for (int j = 0; j < h.m; j++) {
                s.append(indent + children[j].key + " " + children[j].val + "\n");
            }
        }
        else {
            for (int j = 0; j < h.m; j++) {
                if (j > 0) s.append(indent + "(" + children[j].key + ")\n");
                s.append(toString(children[j].next, ht-1, indent + "     "));
            }
        }
        return s.toString();
    }


    // comparison functions - make Comparable instead of Key to avoid casts
    private boolean less(Comparable k1, Comparable k2) {
        return k1.compareTo(k2) < 0;
    }

    private boolean eq(Comparable k1, Comparable k2) {
        return k1.compareTo(k2) == 0;
    }


    /**
     * Unit tests the <tt>BTree</tt> data type.
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BTree<String, String> st = new BTree<String, String>();

        st.put("www.cs.princeton.edu", "128.112.136.12");
        st.put("www.cs.princeton.edu", "128.112.136.11");
        st.put("www.princeton.edu",    "128.112.128.15");
        st.put("www.yale.edu",         "130.132.143.21");
        st.put("www.simpsons.com",     "209.052.165.60");
        st.put("www.apple.com",        "17.112.152.32");
        st.put("www.amazon.com",       "207.171.182.16");
        st.put("www.ebay.com",         "66.135.192.87");
        st.put("www.cnn.com",          "64.236.16.20");
        st.put("www.google.com",       "216.239.41.99");
        st.put("www.nytimes.com",      "199.239.136.200");
        st.put("www.microsoft.com",    "207.126.99.140");
        st.put("www.dell.com",         "143.166.224.230");
        st.put("www.slashdot.org",     "66.35.250.151");
        st.put("www.espn.com",         "199.181.135.201");
        st.put("www.weather.com",      "63.111.66.11");
        st.put("www.yahoo.com",        "216.109.118.65");


        StdOut.println("cs.princeton.edu:  " + st.get("www.cs.princeton.edu"));
        StdOut.println("hardvardsucks.com: " + st.get("www.harvardsucks.com"));
        StdOut.println("simpsons.com:      " + st.get("www.simpsons.com"));
        StdOut.println("apple.com:         " + st.get("www.apple.com"));
        StdOut.println("ebay.com:          " + st.get("www.ebay.com"));
        StdOut.println("dell.com:          " + st.get("www.dell.com"));
        StdOut.println();

        StdOut.println("size:    " + st.size());
        StdOut.println("height:  " + st.height());
        StdOut.println(st);
        StdOut.println();
    }

}