前言
本文输入数据是MNIST，全称是Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology，是一组由这个机构搜集的手写数字扫描文件和每个文件对应标签的数据集，经过一定的修改使其适合机器学习算法读取。这个数据集可以从牛的不行的Yann LeCun教授的网站获取。
本系列的其他文章已经根据TensorFlow的官方教程基于MNIST数据集采用了softmax regression和CNN进行建模。为了完整性，本文对MNIST数据应用RNN模型求解，具体使用的RNN为LSTM。
关于RNN/LSTM的理论知识，可以参考这篇文章
代码
# coding: utf-8
# @author: 陈水平
# @date：2017-02-14
#
# In[1]:
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
# In[2]:
sess = tf.InteractiveSession()
# In[3]:
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets('mnist/', one_hot=True)
# In[4]:
learning_rate = 0.001
batch_size = 128
n_input = 28
n_steps = 28
n_hidden = 128
n_classes = 10
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, n_steps, n_input])
y = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, n_classes])
# In[5]:
def RNN(x, weight, biases):
# x shape: (batch_size, n_steps, n_input)
# desired shape: list of n_steps with element shape (batch_size, n_input)
x = tf.transpose(x, [1, 0, 2])
x = tf.reshape(x, [-1, n_input])
x = tf.split(0, n_steps, x)
outputs = list()
lstm = tf.nn.rnn_cell.BasicLSTMCell(n_hidden, forget_bias=1.0)
state = (tf.zeros([n_steps, n_hidden]),)*2
sess.run(state)
with tf.variable_scope("myrnn2") as scope:
for i in range(n_steps-1):
if i > 0:
scope.reuse_variables()
output, state = lstm(x[i], state)
outputs.append(output)
final = tf.matmul(outputs[-1], weight) + biases
return final
# In[6]:
def RNN(x, n_steps, n_input, n_hidden, n_classes):
# Parameters:
# Input gate: input, previous output, and bias
ix = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_input, n_hidden], -0.1, 0.1))
im = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_hidden, n_hidden], -0.1, 0.1))
ib = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1, n_hidden]))
# Forget gate: input, previous output, and bias
fx = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_input, n_hidden], -0.1, 0.1))
fm = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_hidden, n_hidden], -0.1, 0.1))
fb = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1, n_hidden]))
# Memory cell: input, state, and bias
cx = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_input, n_hidden], -0.1, 0.1))
cm = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_hidden, n_hidden], -0.1, 0.1))
cb = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1, n_hidden]))
# Output gate: input, previous output, and bias
ox = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_input, n_hidden], -0.1, 0.1))
om = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_hidden, n_hidden], -0.1, 0.1))
ob = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1, n_hidden]))
# Classifier weights and biases
w = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal([n_hidden, n_classes]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([n_classes]))
# Definition of the cell computation
def lstm_cell(i, o, state):
input_gate = tf.sigmoid(tf.matmul(i, ix) + tf.matmul(o, im) + ib)
forget_gate = tf.sigmoid(tf.matmul(i, fx) + tf.matmul(o, fm) + fb)
update = tf.tanh(tf.matmul(i, cx) + tf.matmul(o, cm) + cb)
state = forget_gate * state + input_gate * update
output_gate = tf.sigmoid(tf.matmul(i, ox) + tf.matmul(o, om) + ob)
return output_gate * tf.tanh(state), state
# Unrolled LSTM loop
outputs = list()
state = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([batch_size, n_hidden]))
output = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([batch_size, n_hidden]))
# x shape: (batch_size, n_steps, n_input)
# desired shape: list of n_steps with element shape (batch_size, n_input)
x = tf.transpose(x, [1, 0, 2])
x = tf.reshape(x, [-1, n_input])
x = tf.split(0, n_steps, x)
for i in x:
output, state = lstm_cell(i, output, state)
outputs.append(output)
logits =tf.matmul(outputs[-1], w) + b
return logits
# In[7]:
pred = RNN(x, n_steps, n_input, n_hidden, n_classes)
cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(pred, y))
optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate).minimize(cost)
correct_pred = tf.equal(tf.argmax(pred,1), tf.argmax(y,1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_pred, tf.float32))
# Initializing the variables
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
# In[8]:
# Launch the graph
sess.run(init)
for step in range(20000):
batch_x, batch_y = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size)
batch_x = batch_x.reshape((batch_size, n_steps, n_input))
sess.run(optimizer, feed_dict={x: batch_x, y: batch_y})
if step % 50 == 0:
acc = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: batch_x, y: batch_y})
loss = sess.run(cost, feed_dict={x: batch_x, y: batch_y})
print "Iter " + str(step) + ", Minibatch Loss= " + "{:.6f}".format(loss) + ", Training Accuracy= " + "{:.5f}".format(acc)
print "Optimization Finished!"
# In[9]:
# Calculate accuracy for 128 mnist test images
test_len = batch_size
test_data = mnist.test.images[:test_len].reshape((-1, n_steps, n_input))
test_label = mnist.test.labels[:test_len]
print "Testing Accuracy:", sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: test_data, y: test_label})
输出如下：
Iter 0, Minibatch Loss= 2.540429, Training Accuracy= 0.07812
Iter 50, Minibatch Loss= 2.423611, Training Accuracy= 0.06250
Iter 100, Minibatch Loss= 2.318830, Training Accuracy= 0.13281
Iter 150, Minibatch Loss= 2.276640, Training Accuracy= 0.13281
Iter 200, Minibatch Loss= 2.276727, Training Accuracy= 0.12500
Iter 250, Minibatch Loss= 2.267064, Training Accuracy= 0.16406
Iter 300, Minibatch Loss= 2.234139, Training Accuracy= 0.19531
Iter 350, Minibatch Loss= 2.295060, Training Accuracy= 0.12500
Iter 400, Minibatch Loss= 2.261856, Training Accuracy= 0.16406
Iter 450, Minibatch Loss= 2.220284, Training Accuracy= 0.17969
Iter 500, Minibatch Loss= 2.276015, Training Accuracy= 0.13281
Iter 550, Minibatch Loss= 2.220499, Training Accuracy= 0.14062
Iter 600, Minibatch Loss= 2.219574, Training Accuracy= 0.11719
Iter 650, Minibatch Loss= 2.189177, Training Accuracy= 0.25781
Iter 700, Minibatch Loss= 2.195167, Training Accuracy= 0.19531
Iter 750, Minibatch Loss= 2.226459, Training Accuracy= 0.18750
Iter 800, Minibatch Loss= 2.148620, Training Accuracy= 0.23438
Iter 850, Minibatch Loss= 2.122925, Training Accuracy= 0.21875
Iter 900, Minibatch Loss= 2.065122, Training Accuracy= 0.24219
...
Iter 19350, Minibatch Loss= 0.001304, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19400, Minibatch Loss= 0.000144, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19450, Minibatch Loss= 0.000907, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19500, Minibatch Loss= 0.002555, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19550, Minibatch Loss= 0.002018, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19600, Minibatch Loss= 0.000853, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19650, Minibatch Loss= 0.001035, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19700, Minibatch Loss= 0.007034, Training Accuracy= 0.99219
Iter 19750, Minibatch Loss= 0.000608, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19800, Minibatch Loss= 0.002913, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19850, Minibatch Loss= 0.003484, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19900, Minibatch Loss= 0.005693, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Iter 19950, Minibatch Loss= 0.001904, Training Accuracy= 1.00000
Optimization Finished!
Testing Accuracy: 0.992188