方案一:数据库乐观锁
乐观锁通常实现基于数据版本(version)的记录机制实现的,比如有一张红包表(t_bonus),有一个字段(left_count)记录礼物的剩余个数,用户每领取一个奖品,对应的left_count减1,在并发的情况下如何要保证left_count不为负数,乐观锁的实现方式为在红包表上添加一个版本号字段(version),默认为0。
异常实现流程
-- 可能会发生的异常情况 -- 线程1查询,当前left_count为1,则有记录 select * from t_bonus where id = 10001 and left_count > 0 -- 线程2查询,当前left_count为1,也有记录 select * from t_bonus where id = 10001 and left_count > 0 -- 线程1完成领取记录,修改left_count为0, update t_bonus set left_count = left_count - 1 where id = 10001 -- 线程2完成领取记录,修改left_count为-1,产生脏数据 update t_bonus set left_count = left_count - 1 where id = 10001
通过乐观锁实现
-- 添加版本号控制字段 ALTER TABLE table ADD COLUMN version INT DEFAULT '0' NOT NULL AFTER t_bonus; -- 线程1查询,当前left_count为1,则有记录,当前版本号为1234 select left_count, version from t_bonus where id = 10001 and left_count > 0 -- 线程2查询,当前left_count为1,有记录,当前版本号为1234 select left_count, version from t_bonus where id = 10001 and left_count > 0 -- 线程1,更新完成后当前的version为1235,update状态为1,更新成功 update t_bonus set version = 1235, left_count = left_count-1 where id = 10001 and version = 1234 -- 线程2,更新由于当前的version为1235,udpate状态为0,更新失败,再针对相关业务做异常处理 update t_bonus set version = 1235, left_count = left_count-1 where id = 10001 and version = 1234
方案二:基于Redis的分布式锁
SETNX命令(SET if Not eXists)
语法:SETNX key value
功能:原子性操作,当且仅当 key 不存在,将 key 的值设为 value ,并返回1;若给定的 key 已经存在,则 SETNX 不做任何动作,并返回0。
Expire命令
语法:expire(key, expireTime)
功能:key设置过期时间
GETSET命令
语法:GETSET key value
功能:将给定 key 的值设为 value ,并返回 key 的旧值 (old value),当 key 存在但不是字符串类型时,返回一个错误,当key不存在时,返回nil。
GET命令
语法:GET key
功能:返回 key 所关联的字符串值,如果 key 不存在那么返回特殊值 nil 。
DEL命令
语法:DEL key [KEY …]
功能:删除给定的一个或多个 key ,不存在的 key 会被忽略。
第一种:使用redis的setnx()、expire()方法,用于分布式锁
- setnx(lockkey, 1) 如果返回0,则说明占位失败;如果返回1,则说明占位成功
- expire()命令对lockkey设置超时时间,为的是避免死锁问题。
- 执行完业务代码后,可以通过delete命令删除key。
这个方案其实是可以解决日常工作中的需求的,但从技术方案的探讨上来说,可能还有一些可以完善的地方。比如,如果在第一步setnx执行成功后,在expire()命令执行成功前,发生了宕机的现象,那么就依然会出现死锁的问题
第二种:使用redis的setnx()、get()、getset()方法,用于分布式锁,解决死锁问题
- setnx(lockkey, 当前时间+过期超时时间) ,如果返回1,则获取锁成功;如果返回0则没有获取到锁,转向2。
- get(lockkey)获取值oldExpireTime ,并将这个value值与当前的系统时间进行比较,如果小于当前系统时间,则认为这个锁已经超时,可以允许别的请求重新获取,转向3。
- 计算newExpireTime=当前时间+过期超时时间,然后getset(lockkey, newExpireTime) 会返回当前lockkey的值currentExpireTime。
- 判断currentExpireTime与oldExpireTime 是否相等,如果相等,说明当前getset设置成功,获取到了锁。如果不相等,说明这个锁又被别的请求获取走了,那么当前请求可以直接返回失败,或者继续重试。
- 在获取到锁之后,当前线程可以开始自己的业务处理,当处理完毕后,比较自己的处理时间和对于锁设置的超时时间,如果小于锁设置的超时时间,则直接执行delete释放锁;如果大于锁设置的超时时间,则不需要再锁进行处理。
import cn.com.tpig.cache.redis.RedisService; import cn.com.tpig.utils.SpringUtils; /** * Created by IDEA * User: shma1664 * Date: 2016-08-16 14:01 * Desc: redis分布式锁 */ public final class RedisLockUtil { private static final int defaultExpire = 60; private RedisLockUtil() { // } /** * 加锁 * @param key redis key * @param expire 过期时间,单位秒 * @return true:加锁成功,false,加锁失败 */ public static boolean lock(String key, int expire) { RedisService redisService = SpringUtils.getBean(RedisService.class); long status = redisService.setnx(key, "1"); if(status == 1) { redisService.expire(key, expire); return true; } return false; } public static boolean lock(String key) { return lock2(key, defaultExpire); } /** * 加锁 * @param key redis key * @param expire 过期时间,单位秒 * @return true:加锁成功,false,加锁失败 */ public static boolean lock2(String key, int expire) { RedisService redisService = SpringUtils.getBean(RedisService.class); long value = System.currentTimeMillis() + expire; long status = redisService.setnx(key, String.valueOf(value)); if(status == 1) { return true; } long oldExpireTime = Long.parseLong(redisService.get(key, "0")); if(oldExpireTime < System.currentTimeMillis()) { //超时 long newExpireTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + expire; long currentExpireTime = Long.parseLong(redisService.getSet(key, String.valueOf(newExpireTime))); if(currentExpireTime == oldExpireTime) { return true; } } return false; } public static void unLock1(String key) { RedisService redisService = SpringUtils.getBean(RedisService.class); redisService.del(key); } public static void unLock2(String key) { RedisService redisService = SpringUtils.getBean(RedisService.class); long oldExpireTime = Long.parseLong(redisService.get(key, "0")); if(oldExpireTime > System.currentTimeMillis()) { redisService.del(key); } } }
public void drawRedPacket(long userId) { String key = "draw.redpacket.userid:" + userId; boolean lock = RedisLockUtil.lock2(key, 60); if(lock) { try { //领取操作 } finally { //释放锁 RedisLockUtil.unLock(key); } } else { new RuntimeException("重复领取奖励"); } }
Spring AOP基于注解方式和SpEL实现开箱即用的redis分布式锁策略
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; /** * RUNTIME * 定义注解 * 编译器将把注释记录在类文件中,在运行时 VM 将保留注释,因此可以反射性地读取。 * @author shma1664 * */ @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target(ElementType.METHOD) public @interface RedisLockable { String[] key() default ""; long expiration() default 60; }
import javax.annotation.Resource; import java.lang.reflect.Method; import com.autohome.api.dealer.util.cache.RedisClient; import com.google.common.base.Joiner; import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint; import org.aspectj.lang.Signature; import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Around; import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect; import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut; import org.aspectj.lang.reflect.MethodSignature; import org.springframework.expression.EvaluationContext; import org.springframework.expression.Expression; import org.springframework.expression.ExpressionParser; import org.springframework.expression.spel.standard.SpelExpressionParser; import org.springframework.expression.spel.support.StandardEvaluationContext; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; /** * Created by IDEA * User: mashaohua * Date: 2016-09-28 18:08 * Desc: */ @Aspect @Component public class RedisLockAop { @Resource private RedisClient redisClient; @Pointcut("execution(* com.autohome.api.dealer.tuan.service.*.*(..))") public void pointcut(){} @Around("pointcut()") public Object doAround(ProceedingJoinPoint point) throws Throwable{ Signature signature = point.getSignature(); MethodSignature methodSignature = (MethodSignature) signature; Method method = methodSignature.getMethod(); String targetName = point.getTarget().getClass().getName(); String methodName = point.getSignature().getName(); Object[] arguments = point.getArgs(); if (method != null && method.isAnnotationPresent(RedisLockable.class)) { RedisLockable redisLock = method.getAnnotation(RedisLockable.class); long expire = redisLock.expiration(); String redisKey = getLockKey(targetName, methodName, redisLock.key(), arguments); boolean isLock = RedisLockUtil.lock2(redisKey, expire); if(!isLock) { try { return point.proceed(); } finally { unLock2(redisKey); } } else { throw new RuntimeException("您的操作太频繁,请稍后再试"); } } return point.proceed(); } private String getLockKey(String targetName, String methodName, String[] keys, Object[] arguments) { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); sb.append("lock.").append(targetName).append(".").append(methodName); if(keys != null) { String keyStr = Joiner.on(".").skipNulls().join(keys); String[] parameters = ReflectParamNames.getNames(targetName, methodName); ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser(); Expression expression = parser.parseExpression(keyStr); EvaluationContext context = new StandardEvaluationContext(); int length = parameters.length; if (length > 0) { for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { context.setVariable(parameters[i], arguments[i]); } } String keysValue = expression.getValue(context, String.class); sb.append("#").append(keysValue); } return sb.toString(); }
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/javassist/javassist -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.javassist</groupId>
<artifactId>javassist</artifactId>
<version>3.18.1-GA</version>
</dependency>
import javassist.*; import javassist.bytecode.CodeAttribute; import javassist.bytecode.LocalVariableAttribute; import javassist.bytecode.MethodInfo; import org.apache.log4j.Logger; /** * Created by IDEA * User: mashaohua * Date: 2016-09-28 18:39 * Desc: */ public class ReflectParamNames { private static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(ReflectParamNames.class); private static ClassPool pool = ClassPool.getDefault(); static{ ClassClassPath classPath = new ClassClassPath(ReflectParamNames.class); pool.insertClassPath(classPath); } public static String[] getNames(String className,String methodName) { CtClass cc = null; try { cc = pool.get(className); CtMethod cm = cc.getDeclaredMethod(methodName); // 使用javaassist的反射方法获取方法的参数名 MethodInfo methodInfo = cm.getMethodInfo(); CodeAttribute codeAttribute = methodInfo.getCodeAttribute(); LocalVariableAttribute attr = (LocalVariableAttribute) codeAttribute.getAttribute(LocalVariableAttribute.tag); if (attr == null) return new String[0]; int begin = 0; String[] paramNames = new String[cm.getParameterTypes().length]; int count = 0; int pos = Modifier.isStatic(cm.getModifiers()) ? 0 : 1; for (int i = 0; i < attr.tableLength(); i++){ // 为什么 加这个判断,发现在windows 跟linux执行时,参数顺序不一致,通过观察,实际的参数是从this后面开始的 if (attr.variableName(i).equals("this")){ begin = i; break; } } for (int i = begin+1; i <= begin+paramNames.length; i++){ paramNames[count] = attr.variableName(i); count++; } return paramNames; } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }finally{ try { if(cc != null) cc.detach(); } catch (Exception e2) { log.error(e2.getMessage()); } } return new String[0]; } }
在需要使用分布式锁的地方添加注解
/** * 抽奖接口 * 添加redis分布式锁保证一个订单只有一个请求处理,防止用户刷礼物,支持SpEL表达式 * redisLockKey:lock.com.autohome.api.dealer.tuan.service.impl.drawBonus#orderId * @param orderId 订单id * @return 抽中的奖品信息 */ @RedisLockable(key = {"#orderId"}, expiration = 120) @Override public BonusConvertBean drawBonus(Integer orderId) throws BonusException{ // 业务逻辑 }
第三种方案:基于Zookeeper的分布式锁
利用节点名称的唯一性来实现独占锁
ZooKeeper机制规定同一个目录下只能有一个唯一的文件名,zookeeper上的一个znode看作是一把锁,通过createznode的方式来实现。所有客户端都去创建/lock/${lock_name}_lock节点,最终成功创建的那个客户端也即拥有了这把锁,创建失败的可以选择监听继续等待,还是放弃抛出异常实现独占锁。
package com.shma.example.zookeeper.lock; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; import org.apache.zookeeper.*; import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat; /** * Created by IDEA * User: mashaohua * Date: 2016-09-30 16:09 * Desc: */ public class ZookeeperLock implements Lock, Watcher { private ZooKeeper zk; private String root = "/locks";//根 private String lockName;//竞争资源的标志 private String myZnode;//当前锁 private int sessionTimeout = 30000; private List<Exception> exception = new ArrayList<Exception>(); /** * 创建分布式锁,使用前请确认config配置的zookeeper服务可用 * @param config 127.0.0.1:2181 * @param lockName 竞争资源标志,lockName中不能包含单词lock */ public ZookeeperLock(String config, String lockName){ this.lockName = lockName; // 创建一个与服务器的连接 try { zk = new ZooKeeper(config, sessionTimeout, this); Stat stat = zk.exists(root, false); if(stat == null){ // 创建根节点 zk.create(root, new byte[0], ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT); } } catch (IOException e) { exception.add(e); } catch (KeeperException e) { exception.add(e); } catch (InterruptedException e) { exception.add(e); } } @Override public void lock() { if(exception.size() > 0){ throw new LockException(exception.get(0)); } if(!tryLock()) { throw new LockException("您的操作太频繁,请稍后再试"); } } @Override public void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException { this.lock(); } @Override public boolean tryLock() { try { myZnode = zk.create(root + "/" + lockName, new byte[0], ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE, CreateMode.PERSISTENT); return true; } catch (KeeperException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return false; } @Override public boolean tryLock(long time, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException { return tryLock(); } @Override public void unlock() { try { zk.delete(myZnode, -1); myZnode = null; zk.close(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (KeeperException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } @Override public Condition newCondition() { return null; } @Override public void process(WatchedEvent watchedEvent) { // } }
ZookeeperLock lock = null; try { lock = new ZookeeperLock("127.0.0.1:2182","test1"); lock.lock(); //业务逻辑处理 } catch (LockException e) { throw e; } finally { if(lock != null) lock.unlock(); }
利用临时顺序节点控制时序实现
/lock已经预先存在,所有客户端在它下面创建临时顺序编号目录节点,和选master一样,编号最小的获得锁,用完删除,依次方便。
算法思路:对于加锁操作,可以让所有客户端都去/lock目录下创建临时顺序节点,如果创建的客户端发现自身创建节点序列号是/lock/目录下最小的节点,则获得锁。否则,监视比自己创建节点的序列号小的节点(比自己创建的节点小的最大节点),进入等待。
对于解锁操作,只需要将自身创建的节点删除即可。
package com.shma.example.zookeeper.lock; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode; import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException; import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent; import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher; import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs; import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper; import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat; /** * Created by IDEA * User: mashaohua * Date: 2016-09-30 16:09 * Desc: */ public class DistributedLock implements Lock, Watcher{ private ZooKeeper zk; private String root = "/locks";//根 private String lockName;//竞争资源的标志 private String waitNode;//等待前一个锁 private String myZnode;//当前锁 private CountDownLatch latch;//计数器 private int sessionTimeout = 30000; private List<Exception> exception = new ArrayList<Exception>(); /** * 创建分布式锁,使用前请确认config配置的zookeeper服务可用 * @param config 127.0.0.1:2181 * @param lockName 竞争资源标志,lockName中不能包含单词lock */ public DistributedLock(String config, String lockName){ this.lockName = lockName; // 创建一个与服务器的连接 try { zk = new ZooKeeper(config, sessionTimeout, this); Stat stat = zk.exists(root, false); if(stat == null){ // 创建根节点 zk.create(root, new byte[0], ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.PERSISTENT); } } catch (IOException e) { exception.add(e); } catch (KeeperException e) { exception.add(e); } catch (InterruptedException e) { exception.add(e); } } /** * zookeeper节点的监视器 */ public void process(WatchedEvent event) { if(this.latch != null) { this.latch.countDown(); } } public void lock() { if(exception.size() > 0){ throw new LockException(exception.get(0)); } try { if(this.tryLock()){ System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getId() + " " +myZnode + " get lock true"); return; } else{ waitForLock(waitNode, sessionTimeout);//等待锁 } } catch (KeeperException e) { throw new LockException(e); } catch (InterruptedException e) { throw new LockException(e); } } public boolean tryLock() { try { String splitStr = "_lock_"; if(lockName.contains(splitStr)) throw new LockException("lockName can not contains \\u000B"); //创建临时子节点 myZnode = zk.create(root + "/" + lockName + splitStr, new byte[0], ZooDefs.Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL); System.out.println(myZnode + " is created "); //取出所有子节点 List<String> subNodes = zk.getChildren(root, false); //取出所有lockName的锁 List<String> lockObjNodes = new ArrayList<String>(); for (String node : subNodes) { String _node = node.split(splitStr)[0]; if(_node.equals(lockName)){ lockObjNodes.add(node); } } Collections.sort(lockObjNodes); System.out.println(myZnode + "==" + lockObjNodes.get(0)); if(myZnode.equals(root+"/"+lockObjNodes.get(0))){ //如果是最小的节点,则表示取得锁 return true; } //如果不是最小的节点,找到比自己小1的节点 String subMyZnode = myZnode.substring(myZnode.lastIndexOf("/") + 1); waitNode = lockObjNodes.get(Collections.binarySearch(lockObjNodes, subMyZnode) - 1); } catch (KeeperException e) { throw new LockException(e); } catch (InterruptedException e) { throw new LockException(e); } return false; } public boolean tryLock(long time, TimeUnit unit) { try { if(this.tryLock()){ return true; } return waitForLock(waitNode,time); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return false; } private boolean waitForLock(String lower, long waitTime) throws InterruptedException, KeeperException { Stat stat = zk.exists(root + "/" + lower,true); //判断比自己小一个数的节点是否存在,如果不存在则无需等待锁,同时注册监听 if(stat != null){ System.out.println("Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getId() + " waiting for " + root + "/" + lower); this.latch = new CountDownLatch(1); this.latch.await(waitTime, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS); this.latch = null; } return true; } public void unlock() { try { System.out.println("unlock " + myZnode); zk.delete(myZnode,-1); myZnode = null; zk.close(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (KeeperException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } public void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException { this.lock(); } public Condition newCondition() { return null; } public class LockException extends RuntimeException { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; public LockException(String e){ super(e); } public LockException(Exception e){ super(e); } } }