前言
自学了4个多月的安卓，试着写了一个小程序，虽然功能按照预想基本实现了，但是也很清楚代码质量肯定不好。在开源中国sonar平台进行了一下代码质量分析。
技术债务金字塔
百度了一下技术债务：术语”技术债务“是由Ward Cunningham首次提出，指的是开发团队在设计或架构选型时从短期效应的角度选择了一个易于实现的方案，但从长远来看，这种方案会带来更消极的影响，亦即开发团队所欠的债务。（泪流满面）
主要问题列表：
格式：问题名字+问题出现的次数
资源未关闭，打开发现有两处用到的IO流没有关闭
Conditions should not unconditionally evaluate to “TRUE” or to “FALSE”1
if/else判断里出现了重复判断，比如在if(a>10)的执行体里面又判断if(a<0)，而后者肯定不会是true
Exception handlers should preserve the original exception13
处理异常的时候应该保留原始的异常情况，不要直接来个catch(Exception e)了事
Throwable.printStackTrace(…) should not be called7
不应该直接调用e.printStackTrace()，而是用Loggers来处理（就是打Log）。
Loggers的优势是：Users are able to easily retrieve the logs.
The format of log messages is uniform and allow users to browse the logs easily.
Instance methods should not write to “static” fields6
不要用实例方法改变静态成员，理想情况下，静态变量只通过同步的静态方法来改变
“public static” fields should be constant1
公共静态成员应该加上final，也就是public static final 一般不分家
Thread.run() and Runnable.run() should not be called directly1
不应该直接调用Thread和Runnaale对象的run方法，直接调用run会使得run方法执行在当前线程，失去了开启新线程的意义。但有时候可能会这样做，下面有个例子。
Generic exceptions should never be thrown1
不太理解，大意是说不要直接抛Error,RuntimeException/Throwable/Exception这样的通用的异常。我的具体应用是：throw new Error(“Error copying database”)，给出的建议是：Define and throw a dedicated exception instead of using a generic one（定义并抛出一个专用的异常来代替一个通用的异常）
Class variable fields should not have public accessibility64
类变量不要设置为public，而是设为private，再提供get和set方法。
Sections of code should not be “commented out”30
不要再注释中出现大量的代码段，会使代码可读性变差
Package declaration should match source file directory19
这个没理解，包的声明应该与源文件目录匹配。
Utility classes should not have public constructors16
工具类不应该有公共的构造器，也就是说至少要有一个private的构造器，如果没有，默认的构造器是public的。
The diamond operator (“<>”) should be used12
在定义集合的时候，等号右边的<>内不需要再写上元素类型，直接空着就行。
Lambdas and anonymous classes should not have too many lines9
Lambdas表达式和匿名内部类不要写太多行，一般最多写20行。
Anonymous inner classes containing only one method should become lambdas8
只包含一个方法的匿名内部类应该写成Lambdas表达式的形式，增强代码可读性
Try-with-resources should be used8
用Try-with-resources的形式取代try/catch/finally的形式，这个有待于以后学习。
不要写空方法，除非这种情况：An abstract class may have empty methods, in order to provide default implementations for child classes.
Source files should not have any duplicated blocks7
源文件中不要出现任何重复的代码段或行或字符串等。没理解。
“switch case” clauses should not have too many lines6
“switch case” 每个case里面的代码不要太长，太长的话可以考虑写个方法代替，主要是为了增强代码可读性
Nested blocks of code should not be left empty6
嵌套代码块不要是空的，比如 if( a > 0 ) { doSomething() } else { }，这时候应该把后面的else{}去掉。
Methods should not be too complex6
方法不要太复杂，否则难以理解和维护。
Unused private fields should be removed5
没有使用的private的成员变量应该移除掉。
Dead stores should be removed5
没有用到的本地变量或其他死存储应该移除掉，也就是写方法的时候，定义的变量如果后来发现根本用不到，要记得删掉那行代码。
“switch” statements should end with a “default” clause4
switch语句应该以default结束，这是一种defensive programming思想
Unused method parameters should be removed4
没有用到的方法参数应该移除掉
Control flow statements “if”, “for”, “while”, “switch” and “try” should not be nested too deeply4
if /for/while/try这样的嵌套不要太复杂
Useless parentheses around expressions should be removed to prevent any misunderstanding3
没有意义的括号不要随便加，以免造成误解，比如”=”两边对象类型是相同的，就不要强转。
“for” loop stop conditions should be invariant3
for循环的结果条件不能是变量，而应该是常量
“static” members should be accessed statically2
static成员是与类、静态方法相联系的。
具体参考下面的18，我还没理解
Primitives should not be boxed just for “String” conversion2
不要使用 4+” “这样的方式将int值转变为字符串，而是使用 Integer.toString(4)这样的方式。
就像Integer.parseInt(“我是字符串”)这样，不要偷懒。
不要写空类
Unused local variables should be removed2
没有用到的本地变量要删掉
“entrySet()” should be iterated when both the key and value are needed2
直接看英文更直接：When only the keys from a map are needed in a loop, iterating the keySet makes sense. But when both the key and the value are needed, it’s more efficient to iterate theentrySet, which will give access to both the key and value, instead.
也就是说，如果只需要Map的Key，那么直接iterate这个Map的keySet就可以了，但是如果Key和value都需要，就iterate这个Map。具体看下面的19.
Method parameters, caught exceptions and foreach variables should not be reassigned2
方法参数/捕获的异常/foreach的变量不应该被重新赋值。
Collection.isEmpty() should be used to test for emptiness2
当判断集合是否为空的时候，不要使用if (myCollection.size() == 0) 这样的方式，而是使用if (myCollection.isEmpty()这样的方式，后者性能更高。
Standard outputs should not be used directly to log anything2
标准输出不直接打印任何东西，也就是打log的时候，不要使用System.out.println(“My Message”)这样的方式，而是使用logger.log(“My Message”)这种方式。
Generic wildcard types should not be used in return parameters1
通配符不应该出现在返回声明中。比如这句：List <? extends Animal>getAnimals(){…}， 我们无法知道“是否可以把a Dog, a Cat 等加进去”，等之后用到这个方法的时候，我们没必要去考虑这种问题（前面引号里面的）。
Synchronized classes Vector, Hashtable, Stack and StringBuffer should not be used1
不要使用同步的Vector/HashTable/Stack/StringBuffer等。在早期，出于线程安全问题考虑，java API 提供了这些类。但是同步会极大影响性能，即使是在同一个线程中使用他们。
通常可以这样取代：
ArrayList or LinkedList instead of
Vector
Deque instead of
Stack
HashMap instead of
Hashtable
StringBuilder instead of
StringBuffer
Exit methods should not be called
尽量不要调用system.exit()方法。
Local Variables should not be declared and then immediately returned or thrown7
本地变量如果赋值之后直接return了，那就直接return本地变量的赋值语句。
Field names should comply with a naming convention6
命名要规范
Local variable and method parameter names should comply with a naming convention6
命名要规范
String literals should not be duplicated5
字符串不应该重复，如果多次用到同一字符串，建议将该字符串定义为字符串常量，再引用。
Return of boolean expressions should not be wrapped into an “if-then-else” statement3
不要写if ( a > 4 ) { return false } else { return true }这样的代码，直接写return a > 4。
Static non-final field names should comply with a naming convention2
命名要规范
Modifiers should be declared in the correct order2
修饰符等要按约定俗成的顺序书写 ，例如，写成public static 而不是static public
The members of an interface declaration or class should appear in a pre-defined order2
与前面的一个问题类似，根据Oracle定义的Java代码规范中，不同代码的出现位置应该如下所示：
class and instance variables–Constructors–Methods
Array designators “[]” should be on the type, not the variable2
数组的括号要写在类型后面，而不是变量后面，例如 int[] a 而不是int a[]
Multiple variables should not be declared on the same line1
不要在同一行定义多个变量
“switch” statements should have at least 3 “case” clauses1
当至少有3种或者3种以上的情况时，才考虑用switch，否则用if/else的形式。
Overriding methods should do more than simply call the same method in the super class1
既然在子类中重写了父类的某个方法，那就再这个方法中做些与父类方法不同的事情，否则没必要重写。
Statements should be on separate lines1
不要把这样的代码写在同一行：if(someCondition) doSomething()；而是应该写成下面的形式
if(someCondition) {
doSomething()
}
Method names should comply with a naming convention1
命名要规范
“TODO” tags should be handle TODO标签要及时处理，该做的事情不要忘了做
部分规则详细说明
1.The members of an interface declaration or class should appear in a pre-defined order
正确的顺序如下所示：静态成员变量→成员变量→构造器→方法
public class Foo{
public static final int OPEN = 4; //Class and instance variables
private int field = 0;
public Foo() {…} //Constructors
public boolean isTrue() {…} //Methods
}
2.The diamond operator (“<>”) should be used
Noncompliant Code Example：不规范的示例
List<String> strings = new ArrayList<String>(); // Noncompliant
Map<String, List<Integer>> map = new HashMap<String, List<Integer>>(); // Noncompliant
Compliant Solution ：规范的示例
List<String> strings = new ArrayList<>();
Map<String, List<Integer>> map = new HashMap<>();
3.Sections of code should not be “commented out”
代码片段不应该出现在注释中，这样会bloat程序，可读性变差
Programmers should not comment out code as it bloats programs and reduces readability.
Unused code should be deleted and can be retrieved from source control history if required.
4.Utility classes should not have public constructors
工具类不应该有public的构造器，也就是工具类至少要定义一个non-public的构造器
Utility classes, which are a collection of static members, are not meant to be instantiated. Even abstract utility classes, which can be extended, should not have public constructors.
Java adds an implicit public constructor to every class which does not define at least one explicitly. Hence, at least one non-public constructor should be defined.
class StringUtils { // Noncompliant Code Example
public static String concatenate(String s1, String s2) {
return s1 + s2;
}
}
class StringUtils { //Compliant Solution
private StringUtils() {
}
public static String concatenate(String s1, String s2) {
return s1 + s2;
}
}
5.”public static” fields should be constant
公共的静态成员应该加上final来修饰
There is no good reason to declare a field “public” and “static” without also declaring it “final”. Most of the time this is a kludge to share a state among several objects. But with this approach, any object can do whatever it wants with the shared state, such as setting it to null.
public static Foo foo = new Foo();//不规范的
public static final Foo FOO = new Foo();//规范的
6.Class variable fields should not have public accessibility
public class MyClass {
public static final int SOME_CONSTANT = 0; // Compliant – constants are not checked
public String firstName; // Noncompliant
}
public class MyClass {
public static final int SOME_CONSTANT = 0; // Compliant – constants are not checked
private String firstName; // Compliant
public String getFirstName() {
return firstName;
}
public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
this.firstName = firstName;
}
}
7.Static non-final field names should comply with a naming convention
public final class MyClass {//Noncompliant Code Example
private static String foo_bar;
}
class MyClass {//Compliant Solution
private static String fooBar;
}
8.”switch” statements should have at least 3 “case” clauses
当有3种或3种情况以上的时候，才用switch，否则用if/else
switch statements are useful when there are many different cases depending on the value of the same expression.
For just one or two cases however, the code will be more readable with if statements.
9.String literals should not be duplicated
prepare(“action1”); // Noncompliant – “action1” is duplicated 3 times
execute(“action1”);
release(“action1”);
private static final String ACTION_1 = “action1”; // Compliant
prepare(ACTION_1); // Compliant
execute(ACTION_1);
release(ACTION_1);
10.Return of boolean expressions should not be wrapped into an “if-then-else” statement
if (expression) {//Noncompliant Code Example
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
return expression;//Compliant Solution
return !!expression;
11.Method parameters, caught exceptions and foreach variables should not be reassigned
方法参数，捕获的异常，foreach里的变量，都不应该重新赋值
class MyClass {//Noncompliant Code Example：不规范代码示例
public String name;
public MyClass(String name) {
name = name; // Noncompliant – useless identity assignment
}
public int add(int a, int b) {
a = a + b; // Noncompliant
return a; // Seems like the parameter is returned as is, what is the point?
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass foo = new MyClass();
int a = 40;
int b = 2;
foo.add(a, b); // Variable “a” will still hold 40 after this call
}
}
class MyClass {//Compliant Solution：规范代码示例
public String name;
public MyClass(String name) {
this.name = name; // Compliant
}
public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b; // Compliant
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass foo = new MyClass();
int a = 40;
int b = 2;
foo.add(a, b);
}
}
12.Local Variables should not be declared and then immediately returned or thrown
Noncompliant Code Example：不规范代码示例
public long computeDurationInMilliseconds() {
long duration = (((hours * 60) + minutes) * 60 + seconds ) * 1000 ;
return duration;
}
public void doSomething() {
RuntimeException myException = new RuntimeException();
throw myException;
}
Compliant Solution：规范代码示例
public long computeDurationInMilliseconds() {
return (((hours * 60) + minutes) * 60 + seconds ) * 1000 ;
}
public void doSomething() {
throw new RuntimeException();
}
13.Thread.run() and Runnable.run() should not be called directly
The purpose of theThread.run()andRunnable.run()methods is to execute code in a separate, dedicated thread. Calling those methods directly doesn’t make sense because it causes their code to be executed in the current thread.
Thread和Runnable里面的run方法设计的目的是让run方法里面的代码在不同的线程中执行。如果直接调用run方法，就会导致run方法里的代码在当前线程中执行，失去意义
Noncompliant Code Example：不规范的代码示例
Thread myThread = new Thread(runnable);
myThread.run(); // Noncompliant
Compliant Solution：规范代码示例
Thread myThread = new Thread(runnable);
myThread.start(); // Compliant
这部分内容为个人理解，可以略过
但在有些情况，也会直接调用Runnable的run方法，
下面这个postTaskSafely方法会保证task永远在主线程中执行
public static void postTaskInMainThread(Runnable task) {
int curThreadId= android.os.Process.myTid();//得到当前线程的id
if(curThreadId==getMainThreadId()) {// 如果当前线程是主线程
task.run();//直接执行
}else{// 如果当前线程不是主线程
getMainThreadHandler().post(task);//用主线程的Handler来post
}
14.Lambdas and anonymous classes should not have too many lines
Anonymous classes and lambdas (with Java 8) are a very convenient and compact way to inject a behavior without having to create a dedicated class. But those anonymous inner classes and lambdas should be used only if the behavior to be injected can be defined in a few lines of code, otherwise the source code can quickly become unreadable.
anonymous class number of lines ： at most 20
15.Resources should be closed：该关闭的一定记得关闭
Java’s garbage collection cannot be relied on to clean up everything. Specifically, connections, streams, files and other classes that implement theCloseableinterface or it’s super-interface,AutoCloseable, must be manually closed after creation. Failure to do so will result in a resource leak which could bring first the application and then perhaps the box it’s on to their knees.
Noncompliant Code Example：不规范的代码示例
OutputStream stream = null;
try{
for (String property : propertyList) {
stream = new FileOutputStream(“myfile.txt”); // Noncompliant
// …
}
}catch(Exception e){
// …
}finally{
stream.close(); // Multiple streams were opened. Only the last is closed.
}
Compliant Solution：规范代码示例
OutputStream stream = null;
try{
stream = new FileOutputStream(“myfile.txt”);
for (String property : propertyList) {
// …
}
}catch(Exception e){
// …
}finally{
stream.close();
}
16.Exception handlers should preserve the original exception
Noncompliant Code Example:不规范的代码示例
// Noncompliant – exception is lost
try { /* … */ } catch (Exception e) { LOGGER.info(“context”); }
// Noncompliant – exception is lost (only message is preserved)
try { /* … */ } catch (Exception e) { LOGGER.info(e.getMessage()); }
// Noncompliant – exception is lost
try { /* … */ } catch (Exception e) { throw new RuntimeException(“context”); }
Compliant Solution:规范的代码示例
try { /* … */ } catch (Exception e) { LOGGER.info(e); }
try { /* … */ } catch (Exception e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); }
try {
/* … */
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
doSomething();
throw e;
} catch (Exception e) {
// Conversion into unchecked exception is also allowed
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
17.Catches should be combined
Since Java 7 it has been possible to catch multiple exceptions at once. Therefore, when multiplecatchblocks have the same code, they should be combined for better readability.
Note that this rule is automatically disabled when the project’ssonar.java.sourceis lower than7.
Noncompliant Code Example：不规范代码示例
catch (IOException e) {
doCleanup();
logger.log(e);
}catch (SQLException e) { //Noncompliant
doCleanup();
logger.log(e);
}catch (TimeoutException e) { // Compliant; block contents are different
doCleanup();
throw e;
}
Compliant Solution：规范代码示例
catch (IOException|SQLException e) {
doCleanup();
logger.log(e);
}catch (TimeoutException e) {
doCleanup();
throw e;
}
18.”entrySet()” should be iterated when both the key and value are needed
Noncompliant Code Example：不规范的代码示例
public void doSomethingWithMap(Map map) {
for (String key : map.keySet()) { // Noncompliant; for each key the value is retrieved
Object value = map.get(key);
// …
}
}
Compliant SolutionL：规范代码示例
public void doSomethingWithMap(Map map) {
for (Map.Entry entry : map.entrySet()) {
String key = entry.getKey();
Object value = entry.getValue();
// …
}
}
以上内容是按照自己的理解，整理归纳，错误和不当之处，欢迎指出，非常感谢！
