GO http server (II) Server.Handler

上一篇里讨论了 go 官方库里提供的 http 服务框架,使用者需要关心的是 Server 的 handler 域。当 Server 调用 Serve 函数时 Server.Handler 为 nil,则默认使用 http.DefaultServeMux 作为 handler。

DefaultServeMux

来看一下它的定义和描述:

// ServeMux is an HTTP request multiplexer.
// It matches the URL of each incoming request against a list of registered
// patterns and calls the handler for the pattern that
// most closely matches the URL.

简单的说,它就是一个路由分发器。

路由注册
type ServeMux struct {
    mu    sync.RWMutex
    m     map[string]muxEntry
    //路由规则,一个string对应一个mux实例对象,map的key就是注册的路由表达式(string类型的)
    hosts bool // whether any patterns contain hostnames
}

var defaultServeMux ServeMux
var DefaultServeMux = &defaultServeMux

type muxEntry struct { // 代表着一个 路由-处理函数 组合
    explicit bool //表示 patern 是否已经被明确注册过了
    h        Handler
    pattern  string //路由表达式
}

之前提到过,Server.Handler 需要有路由功能,并且可以执行路由对应的处理函数。当注册路由时,调用mux.Handle:

func (mux *ServeMux) Handle(pattern string, handler Handler) {
    mux.mu.Lock()
    defer mux.mu.Unlock()

    if pattern == "" {
        panic("http: invalid pattern " + pattern)
    }
    if handler == nil {
        panic("http: nil handler")
    }
    if mux.m[pattern].explicit {
        panic("http: multiple registrations for " + pattern)
    }

    if mux.m == nil {
        mux.m = make(map[string]muxEntry)
    }
    mux.m[pattern] = muxEntry{explicit: true, h: handler, pattern: pattern}

    if pattern[0] != '/' {
        mux.hosts = true
    }

    // 以下是很有用的功能:当pattern == “/tree/”时,
    // 会插入一条永久的重定向到“/tree”,注意最后的斜杠。
    // 当然前提是在这之前没有“/tree”这条路由
    n := len(pattern)
    if n > 0 && pattern[n-1] == '/' && !mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]].explicit {
        //如果包含host,
        path := pattern
        if pattern[0] != '/' {
            // In pattern, at least the last character is a '/', so
            // strings.Index can't be -1.
            path = pattern[strings.Index(pattern, "/"):]
        }
        url := &url.URL{Path: path}
        mux.m[pattern[0:n-1]] = muxEntry{h: RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern: pattern}
    }
}

代码挺多,其实主要就做了一件事,向DefaultServeMuxmap[string]muxEntry中增加对应的路由规则和handler。注意这里每条路由并没有包含我们常说的 GET、POST 等等区别,主要有两个原因:一是为了简洁,很多开发者偏好不同的处理方法,官方库只提供最基本的功能;二是不直接和请求方法绑定起来便于写 RESTful API。

但是这里还要注意路径结尾的/,这时候该路径为一个子树,如果能完全匹配到其子路由,那么也能匹配到这个子树,不过路由越长,优先级越大;如果不能完全匹配到其子路由,会匹配到这个子树的路由。比如有一个根路由//example//example/1,那么访问/example/2时,会匹配到/example/,访问/nothing会匹配到/

处理路由请求

注册好路由,并且没有使用别的 handler 时,DefaultServerMux 的 ServeHTTP 就会在接收到 request 时被调用。

func (sh serverHandler) ServeHTTP(rw ResponseWriter, req *Request) {
   handler := sh.srv.Handler
   if handler == nil {
      handler = DefaultServeMux 
   }
   if req.RequestURI == "*" && req.Method == "OPTIONS" {
      handler = globalOptionsHandler{}
   }
   handler.ServeHTTP(rw, req)
}

ServeHTTP 主要从之前注册好的路由表中获取对应的 handler:

func (mux *ServeMux) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, r *Request) {
   ...
   h, _ := mux.Handler(r) // 匹配和 request 最接近的路由,拿到对应的 handler
   h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}

func (mux *ServeMux) Handler(r *Request) (h Handler, pattern string) {
   ...
   host := stripHostPort(r.Host)
   path := cleanPath(r.URL.Path)
   if path != r.URL.Path {
      _, pattern = mux.handler(host, path)
      url := *r.URL
      url.Path = path
      return RedirectHandler(url.String(), StatusMovedPermanently), pattern
      //注意这里的重定向 handler
   }

   return mux.handler(host, r.URL.Path)
}

func (mux *ServeMux) handler(host, path string) (h Handler, pattern string) {
    mux.mu.RLock()
    defer mux.mu.RUnlock()

    // Host-specific pattern takes precedence over generic ones
    if mux.hosts {
        h, pattern = mux.match(host + path)
    }
    if h == nil {
        h, pattern = mux.match(path) // match 做的是字符串匹配的工作
    }
    if h == nil {
        h, pattern = NotFoundHandler(), "" 
    }
    return
}

在没有找到匹配的路由时,返回 NotFoundHandler, 默认只是写入 404 not found,但通常我们会自定义它,然后返回一个专门的好看的 404 页面。

如果需要重定向,则会通过返回的 redirectHandler 调用 Redirect:

func Redirect(w ResponseWriter, r *Request, url string, code int) {
   if u, err := parseURL(url); err == nil {
      // If url was relative, make absolute by
      // combining with request path.
      // The browser would probably do this for us,
      // but doing it ourselves is more reliable.

      // NOTE(rsc): RFC 2616 says that the Location
      // line must be an absolute URI, like
      // "http://www.google.com/redirect/",
      // not a path like "/redirect/".
      // Unfortunately, we don't know what to
      // put in the host name section to get the
      // client to connect to us again, so we can't
      // know the right absolute URI to send back.
      // Because of this problem, no one pays attention
      // to the RFC; they all send back just a new path.
      // So do we.
      if u.Scheme == "" && u.Host == "" {
         oldpath := r.URL.Path
         if oldpath == "" { // should not happen, but avoid a crash if it does
            oldpath = "/"
         }

         // no leading http://server
         if url == "" || url[0] != '/' {
            // make relative path absolute
            olddir, _ := path.Split(oldpath)
            url = olddir + url
         }

         var query string
         if i := strings.Index(url, "?"); i != -1 {
            url, query = url[:i], url[i:]
         }

         // clean up but preserve trailing slash
         trailing := strings.HasSuffix(url, "/")
         url = path.Clean(url)
         if trailing && !strings.HasSuffix(url, "/") {
            url += "/"
         }
         url += query
      }
   }

   w.Header().Set("Location", hexEscapeNonASCII(url))
   w.WriteHeader(code)

   // RFC 2616 recommends that a short note "SHOULD" be included in the
   // response because older user agents may not understand 301/307.
   // Shouldn't send the response for POST or HEAD; that leaves GET.
   if r.Method == "GET" {
      note := "<a href=\"" + htmlEscape(url) + "\">" + statusText

+ "</a>.\n"
fmt.Fprintln(w, note)
}
}

可以看到,DefaultServerMux 只有一个最基本的路由功能,是一个最简单的 HTTP 服务框架。可是这通常不能满足我们的需求,于是我们可以根据我们自己的需要自定义一个简单通用的 HTTP Server 框架。

    原文作者:小小小超子
    原文地址: https://www.jianshu.com/p/277f3d5d7ee0
    本文转自网络文章,转载此文章仅为分享知识,如有侵权,请联系博主进行删除。
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