SETI

Description

For some years, quite a lot of work has been put into listening to electromagnetic radio signals received from space, in order to understand what civilizations in distant galaxies might be trying to tell us. One signal source that has been of particular interest to the scientists at Universit´e de Technologie Spatiale is the Nebula Stupidicus.

Recently, it was discovered that if each message is assumed to be transmitted as a sequence of integers a0, a1, …a
_n-1 the function f (k) = ∑
_0<=i<=n-1a
_ik
ⁱ (mod p) always evaluates to values 0 <= f (k) <= 26 for 1 <= k <= n, provided that the correct value of p is used. n is of course the length of the transmitted message, and the ai denote integers such that 0 <= a
_i < p. p is a prime number that is guaranteed to be larger than n as well as larger than 26. It is, however, known to never exceed 30 000.

These relationships altogether have been considered too peculiar for being pure coincidences, which calls for further investigation.

The linguists at the faculty of Langues et Cultures Extraterrestres transcribe these messages to strings in the English alphabet to make the messages easier to handle while trying to interpret their meanings. The transcription procedure simply assigns the letters a..z to the values 1..26 that f (k) might evaluate to, such that 1 = a, 2 = b etc. The value 0 is transcribed to ‘*’ (an asterisk). While transcribing messages, the linguists simply loop from k = 1 to n, and append the character corresponding to the value of f (k) at the end of the string.

The backward transcription procedure, has however, turned out to be too complex for the linguists to handle by themselves. You are therefore assigned the task of writing a program that converts a set of strings to their corresponding Extra Terrestial number sequences.

Input

On the first line of the input there is a single positive integer N, telling the number of test cases to follow. Each case consists of one line containing the value of p to use during the transcription of the string, followed by the actual string to be transcribed. The only allowed characters in the string are the lower case letters ‘a’..’z’ and ‘*’ (asterisk). No string will be longer than 70 characters.

Output

For each transcribed string, output a line with the corresponding list of integers, separated by space, with each integer given in the order of ascending values of i.

Sample Input

3
31 aaa
37 abc
29 hello*earth

Sample Output

1 0 0
0 1 0
8 13 9 13 4 27 18 10 12 24 15

Source

Northwestern Europe 2004     高斯消元法。 题意比较难理解。

#include<stdio.h>
#include<algorithm>
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;

const int MAXN=100;
int a[MAXN][MAXN];//增广矩阵
int x[MAXN];//解集
bool free_x[MAXN];//标记是否是不确定的变元
inline int gcd(int a,int b)
{
    int t;
    while(b!=0)
    {
        t=b;
        b=a%b;
        a=t;
    }
    return a;
}
inline int lcm(int a,int b)
{
    return a/gcd(a,b)*b;//先除后乘防溢出
}

// 高斯消元法解方程组(Gauss-Jordan elimination).(-2表示有浮点数解，但无整数解，
//-1表示无解，0表示唯一解，大于0表示无穷解，并返回自由变元的个数)
//有equ个方程，var个变元。增广矩阵行数为equ,分别为0到equ-1,列数为var+1,分别为0到var.
int Gauss(int equ,int var,int MOD)
{
    int i,j,k;
    int max_r;// 当前这列绝对值最大的行.
    int col;//当前处理的列
    int ta,tb;
    int LCM;
    int temp;
    int free_x_num;
    int free_index;

    for(int i=0;i<=var;i++)
    {
        x[i]=0;
        free_x[i]=true;
    }

    //转换为阶梯阵.
    col=0; // 当前处理的列
    for(k = 0;k < equ && col < var;k++,col++)
    {// 枚举当前处理的行.
// 找到该col列元素绝对值最大的那行与第k行交换.(为了在除法时减小误差)
        max_r=k;
        for(i=k+1;i<equ;i++)
        {
            if(abs(a[i][col])>abs(a[max_r][col])) max_r=i;
        }
        if(max_r!=k)
        {// 与第k行交换.
            for(j=k;j<var+1;j++) swap(a[k][j],a[max_r][j]);
        }
        if(a[k][col]==0)
        {// 说明该col列第k行以下全是0了，则处理当前行的下一列.
            k--;
            continue;
        }
        for(i=k+1;i<equ;i++)
        {// 枚举要删去的行.
            if(a[i][col]!=0)
            {
                LCM = lcm(abs(a[i][col]),abs(a[k][col]));
                ta = LCM/abs(a[i][col]);
                tb = LCM/abs(a[k][col]);
                if(a[i][col]*a[k][col]<0)tb=-tb;//异号的情况是相加
                for(j=col;j<var+1;j++)
                {
                    a[i][j] = ((a[i][j]*ta-a[k][j]*tb)%MOD+MOD)%MOD;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // 1. 无解的情况: 化简的增广阵中存在(0, 0, ..., a)这样的行(a != 0).
    for (i = k; i < equ; i++)
    { // 对于无穷解来说，如果要判断哪些是自由变元，那么初等行变换中的交换就会影响，则要记录交换.
        if ( a[i][col]  != 0) return -1;
    }
    // 2. 无穷解的情况: 在var * (var + 1)的增广阵中出现(0, 0, ..., 0)这样的行，即说明没有形成严格的上三角阵.
    // 且出现的行数即为自由变元的个数.
    if (k < var)
    {
        // 首先，自由变元有var - k个，即不确定的变元至少有var - k个.
        for (i = k - 1; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            // 第i行一定不会是(0, 0, ..., 0)的情况，因为这样的行是在第k行到第equ行.
            // 同样，第i行一定不会是(0, 0, ..., a), a != 0的情况，这样的无解的.
            free_x_num = 0; // 用于判断该行中的不确定的变元的个数，如果超过1个，则无法求解，它们仍然为不确定的变元.
            for (j = 0; j < var; j++)
            {
                if (a[i][j] != 0 && free_x[j]) free_x_num++, free_index = j;
            }
            if (free_x_num > 1) continue; // 无法求解出确定的变元.
            // 说明就只有一个不确定的变元free_index，那么可以求解出该变元，且该变元是确定的.
            temp = a[i][var];
            for (j = 0; j < var; j++)
            {
                if (a[i][j] != 0 && j != free_index) temp -= a[i][j] * x[j]%MOD;
                temp=(temp%MOD+MOD)%MOD;
            }
            while(temp%a[i][free_index]!=0)temp+=MOD;
            x[free_index] = (temp / a[i][free_index])%MOD; // 求出该变元.
            free_x[free_index] = 0; // 该变元是确定的.
        }
        return var - k; // 自由变元有var - k个.
    }
    // 3. 唯一解的情况: 在var * (var + 1)的增广阵中形成严格的上三角阵.
    // 计算出Xn-1, Xn-2 ... X0.
    for (i = var - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        temp = a[i][var];
        for (j = i + 1; j < var; j++)
        {
            if (a[i][j] != 0) temp -= a[i][j] * x[j];
            temp=(temp%MOD+MOD)%MOD;
        }
        while (temp % a[i][i] != 0) temp+=MOD;
        x[i] =( temp / a[i][i])%MOD ;
    }
    return 0;
}

int pow_m(int a,int n,int MOD)
{
    int ret=1;
    int temp=a%MOD;
    while(n)
    {
        if(n&1){ret*=temp;ret%=MOD;}
        temp*=temp;
        temp%=MOD;
        n>>=1;
    }
    return ret;
}
char str[100];
int main()
{
   // freopen("in.txt","r",stdin);
   // freopen("out.txt","w",stdout);
    int T;
    int p;
    scanf("%d",&T);
    while(T--)
    {
        scanf("%d%s",&p,&str);
        int len=strlen(str);
        for(int i=0;i<len;i++)
        {
            if(str[i]=='*')a[i][len]=0;
            else a[i][len]=str[i]-'a'+1;
            for(int j=0;j<len;j++)
               a[i][j]=pow_m(i+1,j,p);
        }
        Gauss(len,len,p);//保证有解
        for(int i=0;i<len-1;i++)printf("%d ",x[i]);
        printf("%d\n",x[len-1]);
    }
    return 0;
}