The Executor framework provides the ThreadPoolExecutor class to execute Callable and Runnable tasks with a pool of threads, which avoid you all the thread creation operations. When you send a task to the executor, it’s executed as soon as possible, according to the configuration of the executor. There are used cases when you are not interested in executing a task as soon as possible. You may want to execute a task after a period of time or to execute a task periodically. For these purposes, the Executor framework provides the ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor class.
/** * This class implements the task of this example. Writes a * message to the console with the actual date and returns the * 'Hello, world' string */ public class Task implements Callable<String> { /** * Name of the task */ private String name; /** * Constructor of the class * @param name Name of the task */ public Task(String name) { this.name = name; } /** * Main method of the task. Writes a message to the console with * the actual date and returns the 'Hello world' string */ @Override public String call() throws Exception { System.out.printf("%s: Starting at : %s\n", name, new Date()); return "Hello, world"; } } /** * Main class of the example. Send 5 tasks to an scheduled executor Task 0: * Delay of 1 second Task 1: Delay of 2 seconds Task 2: Delay of 3 seconds Task * 3: Delay of 4 seconds Task 4: Delay of 5 seconds */ public class Main { /** * Main method of the example * @param args */ public static void main(String[] args) { // Create a ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor ScheduledExecutorService executor = (ScheduledExecutorService) Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1); System.out.printf("Main: Starting at: %s\n", new Date()); // Send the tasks to the executor with the specified delay for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { Task task = new Task("Task " + i); executor.schedule(task, i + 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); } // Finish the executor executor.shutdown(); // Waits for the finalization of the executor try { executor.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.DAYS); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } // Writes the finalization message System.out.printf("Core: Ends at: %s\n", new Date()); } }
The key point of this example is the Main class and the management of ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor. As with class ThreadPoolExecutor, to create a scheduled executor, Java recommends the utilization of the Executors class. In this case, you have to use the newScheduledThreadPool() method. You have passed the number 1 as a parameter to this method. This parameter is the number of threads you want to have in the pool.
To execute a task in this scheduled executor after a period of time, you have to use the schedule() method. This method receives the following three parameters:
- The task you want to execute
- The period of time you want the task to wait before its execution
- The unit of the period of time, specified as a constant of the TimeUnit class
In this case, each task will wait for a number of seconds (TimeUnit.SECONDS) equal to its position in the array of tasks plus one.
If you want to execute a task at a given time, calculate the difference between that date and the current date and use that difference as the delay of the task.
The following snippet shows the output of an execution of this example:
Main: Starting at: Mon Nov 07 16:39:33 CST 2016 Task 0: Starting at : Mon Nov 07 16:39:34 CST 2016 Task 1: Starting at : Mon Nov 07 16:39:35 CST 2016 Task 2: Starting at : Mon Nov 07 16:39:36 CST 2016 Task 3: Starting at : Mon Nov 07 16:39:37 CST 2016 Task 4: Starting at : Mon Nov 07 16:39:38 CST 2016 Core: Ends at: Mon Nov 07 16:39:38 CST 2016
You can see how the tasks start their execution one per second. All the tasks are sent to the executor at the same time, but each one with a delay of 1 second later than the previous task.
You can also use the Runnable interface to implement the tasks, because the schedule() method of the ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor class accepts both types of tasks.
Although the ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor class is a child class of the ThreadPoolExecutor class and, therefore, inherits all its features, Java recommends the utilization of ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor only for scheduled tasks.
Finally, you can configure the behavior of the ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor class when you call the shutdown() method and there are pending tasks waiting for the end of their delay time. The default behavior is that those tasks will be executed despite the finalization of the executor. You can change this behavior using the setExecuteExistingDelayedTasksAfterShutdownPolicy() method of the ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor class. With false, at the time of shutdown(), pending tasks won’t get executed.
Running a task in an executor periodically
The Executor framework provides the ThreadPoolExecutor class to execute concurrent tasks using a pool of threads that avoids you all the thread creation operations. When you send a task to the executor, according to its configuration, it executes the task as soon as possible. When it ends, the task is deleted from the executor and, if you want to execute them again, you have to send it again to the executor.
But the Executor framework provides the possibility of executing periodic tasks through the ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor class. In this case, you will learn how to use this functionality of that class to schedule a periodic task.
/** * This class implements the task of the example. Writes a message to the * console with the actual date. * Is used to explain the utilization of an scheduled executor to execute tasks * periodically */ public class Task implements Runnable { /** * Name of the task */ private String name; /** * Constructor of the class * @param name the name of the class */ public Task(String name) { this.name = name; } /** * Main method of the example. Writes a message to the console with the actual date */ @Override public void run() { System.out.printf("%s: Executed at: %s\n", name, new Date()); } } /** * Main class of the example. Send a task to the executor that will execute every * two seconds. Then, control the remaining time for the next execution of the task */ public class Main { /** * Main method of the class * @param args */ public static void main(String[] args) { // Create a ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1); System.out.printf("Main: Starting at: %s\n",new Date()); // Create a new task and sends it to the executor. It will start with a delay of 1 second // and then it will execute every two seconds Task task = new Task("Task"); ScheduledFuture<?> result = executor.scheduleAtFixedRate(task, 1, 2, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // Controlling the execution of tasks for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { System.out.printf("Main: Delay: %d\n", result.getDelay(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)); try { TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } // Finish the executor executor.shutdown(); System.out.printf("Main: No more tasks at: %s\n", new Date()); // Verify that the periodic tasks no is in execution after the executor shutdown() try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } // The example finish System.out.printf("Main: Finished at: %s\n",new Date()); } }
When you want to execute a periodic task using the Executor framework, you need a ScheduledExecutorService object. To create it (as with every executor), Java recommends the use of the Executors class. This class works as a factory of executor objects. In this case, you should use the newScheduledThreadPool() method to create a ScheduledExecutorService object. That method receives as a parameter the number of threads of the pool. As you have only one task in this example, you have passed the value 1 as a parameter.
Once you have the executor needed to execute a periodic task, you send the task to the executor. You have used the scheduledAtFixedRate() method. This method accepts four parameters: the task you want to execute periodically, the delay of time until the first execution of the task, the period between two executions, and the time unit of the second and third parameters. It’s a constant of the TimeUnit class. The TimeUnit class is an enumeration with the following constants: DAYS, HOURS, MICROSECONDS, MILLISECONDS, MINUTES, NANOSECONDS, and SECONDS.
An important point to consider is that the period between two executions is the period of time between these two executions that begins. If you have a periodic task that takes 5 sceconds to execute and you put a period of 3 seconds, you will have two instances of the task executing at a time.
The method scheduleAtFixedRate() returns a ScheduledFuture object, which extends the Future interface, with methods to work with scheduled tasks. ScheduledFuture is a parameterized interface. In this example, as your task is a Runnable object that is not parameterized, you have to parameterize them with the ? symbol as a parameter.
You have used one method of the ScheduledFuture interface. The getDelay() method returns the time until the next execution of the task. This method receives a TimeUnit constant with the time unit in which you want to receive the results.
The following snippet shows the output of an execution of the example:
Main: Starting at: Mon Nov 07 17:24:22 CST 2016 Main: Delay: 999 Main: Delay: 499 Task: Executed at: Mon Nov 07 17:24:23 CST 2016 Main: Delay: 1998 Main: Delay: 1498 Main: Delay: 998 Main: Delay: 497 Task: Executed at: Mon Nov 07 17:24:25 CST 2016 Main: Delay: 1997 Main: Delay: 1496 Main: Delay: 996 Main: Delay: 496 Task: Executed at: Mon Nov 07 17:24:27 CST 2016 Main: No more tasks at: Mon Nov 07 17:24:27 CST 2016 Main: Finished at: Mon Nov 07 17:24:32 CST 2016
You can see the task executing every 2 seconds (denoted with Task: prefix) and the delay written in the console every 500 milliseconds. That’s how long the main thread has been put to sleep. When you shut down the executor, the scheduled task ends its execution and you don’t see more messages in the console.
ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor provides other methods to schedule periodic tasks. It is the scheduleWithFixedRate() method. It has the same parameters as the scheduledAtFixedRate() method, but there is a difference worth noticing. In the scheduledAtFixedRate() method, the third parameter determines the period of time between the starting of two executions. In the scheduledWithFixedRate() method, parameter determines the period of time between the end of an execution of the task and the beginning of the next execution.
You can also configure the behavior of an instance of the ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor class with the shutdown() method. The default behavior is that the scheduled tasks finish when you call that method. You can change this behavior using the
setContinueExistingPeriodicTasksAfterShutdownPolicy() method of the ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor class with a true value. The periodic tasks won’t finish upon calling the shutdown() method.
