实现的接口：Executor, ExecutorService

子类：ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor

这类为java线程池的管理和创建，其中封装好的线程池模型在Executors类中有实现。抛开Executors类中的实现，仅谈线程池模型ThreadPoolExecutor

线程池设计原理分析：官方文档

Core and maximum pool sizes

A
ThreadPoolExecutor will automatically adjust the pool size (see
getPoolSize()) according to the bounds set by corePoolSize (see
getCorePoolSize()) and maximumPoolSize (see
getMaximumPoolSize()). When a new task is submitted in method
execute(Runnable), and fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, a new thread is created to handle the request, even if other worker threads are idle. If there are more than corePoolSize but less than maximumPoolSize threads running, a new thread will be created only if the queue is full. By setting corePoolSize and maximumPoolSize the same, you create a fixed-size thread pool. By setting maximumPoolSize to an essentially unbounded value such as
Integer.MAX_VALUE, you allow the pool to accommodate an arbitrary number of concurrent tasks. Most typically, core and maximum pool sizes are set only upon construction, but they may also be changed dynamically using
setCorePoolSize(int) and
setMaximumPoolSize(int).

On-demand construction

By default, even core threads are initially created and started only when new tasks arrive, but this can be overridden dynamically using method
prestartCoreThread() or
prestartAllCoreThreads(). You probably want to prestart threads if you construct the pool with a non-empty queue.

Creating new threads

New threads are created using a
ThreadFactory. If not otherwise specified, a
Executors.defaultThreadFactory() is used, that creates threads to all be in the same
ThreadGroup and with the same
NORM_PRIORITY priority and non-daemon status. By supplying a different ThreadFactory, you can alter the thread’s name, thread group, priority, daemon status, etc. If a
ThreadFactory fails to create a thread when asked by returning null from
newThread, the executor will continue, but might not be able to execute any tasks. Threads should possess the “modifyThread”
RuntimePermission. If worker threads or other threads using the pool do not possess this permission, service may be degraded: configuration changes may not take effect in a timely manner, and a shutdown pool may remain in a state in which termination is possible but not completed.

Keep-alive times

If the pool currently has more than corePoolSize threads, excess threads will be terminated if they have been idle for more than the keepAliveTime (see
getKeepAliveTime(TimeUnit)). This provides a means of reducing resource consumption when the pool is not being actively used. If the pool becomes more active later, new threads will be constructed. This parameter can also be changed dynamically using method
setKeepAliveTime(long, TimeUnit). Using a value of
Long.MAX_VALUE
TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS effectively disables idle threads from ever terminating prior to shut down. By default, the keep-alive policy applies only when there are more than corePoolSize threads. But method
allowCoreThreadTimeOut(boolean) can be used to apply this time-out policy to core threads as well, so long as the keepAliveTime value is non-zero.

Queuing

Any
BlockingQueue may be used to transfer and hold submitted tasks. The use of this queue interacts with pool sizing:

• If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, the Executor always prefers adding a new thread rather than queuing.
• If corePoolSize or more threads are running, the Executor always prefers queuing a request rather than adding a new thread.
• If a request cannot be queued, a new thread is created unless this would exceed maximumPoolSize, in which case, the task will be rejected.

There are three general strategies for queuing:

1. Direct handoffs. A good default choice for a work queue is a SynchronousQueue that hands off tasks to threads without otherwise holding them. Here, an attempt to queue a task will fail if no threads are immediately available to run it, so a new thread will be constructed. This policy avoids lockups when handling sets of requests that might have internal dependencies. Direct handoffs generally require unbounded maximumPoolSizes to avoid rejection of new submitted tasks. This in turn admits the possibility of unbounded thread growth when commands continue to arrive on average faster than they can be processed.
2. Unbounded queues. Using an unbounded queue (for example a LinkedBlockingQueue without a predefined capacity) will cause new tasks to wait in the queue when all corePoolSize threads are busy. Thus, no more than corePoolSize threads will ever be created. (And the value of the maximumPoolSize therefore doesn’t have any effect.) This may be appropriate when each task is completely independent of others, so tasks cannot affect each others execution; for example, in a web page server. While this style of queuing can be useful in smoothing out transient bursts of requests, it admits the possibility of unbounded work queue growth when commands continue to arrive on average faster than they can be processed.
3. Bounded queues. A bounded queue (for example, an ArrayBlockingQueue) helps prevent resource exhaustion when used with finite maximumPoolSizes, but can be more difficult to tune and control. Queue sizes and maximum pool sizes may be traded off for each other: Using large queues and small pools minimizes CPU usage, OS resources, and context-switching overhead, but can lead to artificially low throughput. If tasks frequently block (for example if they are I/O bound), a system may be able to schedule time for more threads than you otherwise allow. Use of small queues generally requires larger pool sizes, which keeps CPUs busier but may encounter unacceptable scheduling overhead, which also decreases throughput.

Rejected tasks

New tasks submitted in method
execute(Runnable) will be
rejected when the Executor has been shut down, and also when the Executor uses finite bounds for both maximum threads and work queue capacity, and is saturated. In either case, the
execute method invokes the
RejectedExecutionHandler.rejectedExecution(Runnable, ThreadPoolExecutor) method of its
RejectedExecutionHandler. Four predefined handler policies are provided:

1. In the default ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy, the handler throws a runtime RejectedExecutionException upon rejection.
2. In ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy, the thread that invokes execute itself runs the task. This provides a simple feedback control mechanism that will slow down the rate that new tasks are submitted.
3. In ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardPolicy, a task that cannot be executed is simply dropped.
4. In ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy, if the executor is not shut down, the task at the head of the work queue is dropped, and then execution is retried (which can fail again, causing this to be repeated.)

It is possible to define and use other kinds of
RejectedExecutionHandler classes. Doing so requires some care especially when policies are designed to work only under particular capacity or queuing policies.

Hook methods

This class provides
protected overridable
beforeExecute(Thread, Runnable) and
afterExecute(Runnable, Throwable) methods that are called before and after execution of each task. These can be used to manipulate the execution environment; for example, reinitializing ThreadLocals, gathering statistics, or adding log entries. Additionally, method
terminated() can be overridden to perform any special processing that needs to be done once the Executor has fully terminated.

If hook or callback methods throw exceptions, internal worker threads may in turn fail and abruptly terminate.

Queue maintenance

Method
getQueue() allows access to the work queue for purposes of monitoring and debugging. Use of this method for any other purpose is strongly discouraged. Two supplied methods,
remove(Runnable) and
purge() are available to assist in storage reclamation when large numbers of queued tasks become cancelled.

Finalization

A pool that is no longer referenced in a program
AND has no remaining threads will be
shutdown automatically. If you would like to ensure that unreferenced pools are reclaimed even if users forget to call
shutdown(), then you must arrange that unused threads eventually die, by setting appropriate keep-alive times, using a lower bound of zero core threads and/or setting
allowCoreThreadTimeOut(boolean).

Core and maximum pool size

• 为什么要设置maxinumPoolSize？情况1：maxinumPoolSize无限大，假设是同步队列，那么每一个task都会去请求一个线程，则可能耗尽系统资源。情况2：如果maxinumPoolSize不影响，那么就设置队列为无限大，例如LinkedBlockingQueue