linux: 常用shell脚本珍藏

我们在运维中,尤其是linux运维,都知道脚本的重要性,脚本会让我们的 运维事半功倍,所以学会写脚本是我们每个linux运维必须学会的一门功课,这里收藏linux运维常用的脚本。如何学好脚本,最关键的是就是大量的练习 和实践。根据以下脚本我们可以拓展,这样我们提高的很快!举一反三!

1.用Shell编程,判断一文件是不是字符设备文件,如果是将其拷贝到 /dev 目录下。
#!/bin/sh  
FILENAME=  
echo “Input file name:”  
read FILENAME  
if [ -c "$FILENAME" ]  
then  
cp $FILENAME /dev  
fi 
2.设计一个shell程序,添加一个新组为class1,然后添加属于这个组的30个用户,用户名的形式为stdxx,其中xx从01到30。
#!/bin/sh  
i=1  
groupadd class1  
while [ $i -le 30 ]  
do  
if [ $i -le 9 ] ;then  
USERNAME=stu0${i}  
else  
USERNAME=stu${i}  
fi  
useradd $USERNAME  
mkdir /home/$USERNAME  
chown -R $USERNAME /home/$USERNAME  
chgrp -R class1 /home/$USERNAME  
i=$(($i+1))  
done  
3.编写shell程序,实现自动删除50个账号的功能。账号名为stud1至stud50。
#!/bin/sh  
i=1  
while [ $i -le 50 ]  
do  
userdel -r stud${i}  
i=$(($i+1 ))  
done  
4.某系统管理员需每天做一定的重复工作,请按照下列要求,编制一个解决方案:

(1)在下午4 :50删除/abc目录下的全部子目录和全部文件;
(2)从早8:00~下午6:00每小时读取/xyz目录下x1文件中每行第一个域的全部数据加入到/backup目录下的bak01.txt文件内;
(3)每逢星期一下午5:50将/data目录下的所有目录和文件归档并压缩为文件:backup.tar.gz;
(4)在下午5:55将IDE接口的CD-ROM卸载(假设:CD-ROM的设备名为hdc);
(5)在早晨8:00前开机后启动。

参考答案:
解决方案:
(1)用vi创建编辑一个名为prgx的crontab文件;
(2)prgx文件的内容:

50 16 * * * rm -r /abc/*  
0 8-18/1 * * * cut -f1 /xyz/x1 >;>; /backup/bak01.txt  
50 17 * * * tar zcvf backup.tar.gz /data  
55 17 * * * umount /dev/hdc

(3)由超级用户登录,用crontab执行 prgx文件中的内容:
root@xxx:#crontab prgx;在每日早晨8:00之前开机后即可自动启动crontab。

5.设计一个shell程序,在每月第一天备份并压缩/etc目录的所有内容,存放在/root/bak目录里,且文件名为如下形式yymmdd_etc,yy为年,mm为月,dd为日。Shell程序fileback存放在/usr/bin目录下。

参考答案:
(1)编写shell程序fileback:

DIRNAME=`ls /root | grep bak`  
if [ -z "$DIRNAME" ] ; then  
mkdir /root/bak  
cd /root/bak  
fi  
YY=`date +%y`  
MM=`date +%m`  
DD=`date +%d`  
BACKETC=$YY$MM$DD_etc.tar.gz  
tar zcvf $BACKETC /etc  
echo “fileback finished!”  

(2)编写任务定时器:

echo “0 0 1 * * /bin/sh /usr/bin/fileback” >; /root/etcbakcron  
crontab /root/etcbakcron  
或使用crontab -e 命令添加定时任务:  
0 1 * * * /bin/sh /usr/bin/fileback  
6.有一普通用户想在每周日凌晨零点零分定期备份/user/backup到/tmp目录下,该用户应如何做?

参考答案:
(1)第一种方法:

用户应使用crontab –e 命令创建crontab文件。格式如下:  
0 0 * * sun cp –r /user/backup /tmp 

(2)第二种方法:
用户先在自己目录下新建文件file,文件内容如下:

0 * * sun cp –r /user/backup /tmp  

然后执行 crontab file 使生效。

7.设计一个Shell程序,在/userdata目录下建立50个目录,即user1~user50,并设置每个目录的权限,其中其他用户的权限为:读;文件所有者的权限为:读、写、执行;文件所有者所在组的权限为:读、执行。

参考答案: 建立程序 Pro16如下:

#!/bin/sh  
i=1  
while [ i -le 50 ]  
do  
if [ -d /userdata ];then  
mkdir -p /userdata/user$i  
chmod 754 /userdata/user$i  
echo “user$i”  
let “i = i + 1″ (或i=$(($i+1))  
else  
mkdir /userdata  
mkdir -p /userdata/user$i  
chmod 754 /userdata/user$i  
echo “user$i”  
let “i = i + 1″ (或i=$(($i+1))  
fi  
done  
8、mysql备份实例,自动备份mysql,并删除30天前的备份文件
#!/bin/sh  
  
#auto backup mysql  
#wugk  2012-07-14  
#PATH DEFINE  
  
BAKDIR=/data/backup/mysql/`date +%Y-%m-%d`  
MYSQLDB=www  
MYSQLPW=backup  
MYSQLUSR=backup  
  
if[ $UID -ne 0 ];then  
echo This script must use administrator or root user ,please exit!  
sleep 2  
exit 0  
fi  
  
if[ ! -d $BAKDIR ];then  
mkdir -p $BAKDIR  
else  
echo This is $BAKDIR exists ,please exit ….  
sleep 2  
exit  
fi  
  
###mysqldump backup mysql  
  
/usr/bin/mysqldump -u$MYSQLUSR -p$MYSQLPW -d $MYSQLDB >/data/backup/mysql/`date +%Y-%m-%d`/www_db.sql  
  
cd $BAKDIR ; tar -czf  www_mysql_db.tar.gz *.sql  
  
cd $BAKDIR ;find  . -name “*.sql” |xargs rm -rf[ $? -eq 0 ]&&echo “This `date +%Y-%m-%d` RESIN BACKUP is SUCCESS”  
  
cd /data/backup/mysql/ ;find . -mtime +30 |xargs rm -rf  
9、自动安装Nginx脚本,采用case方式,选择方式,也可以根据实际需求改成自己想要的脚本
#!/bin/sh  
  
###nginx install shell  
###wugk 2012-07-14  
###PATH DEFINE  
  
SOFT_PATH=/data/soft/  
NGINX_FILE=nginx-1.2.0.tar.gz  
DOWN_PATH=http://nginx.org/download/  
  
if[ $UID -ne 0 ];then  
echo This script must use administrator or root user ,please exit!  
sleep 2  
exit 0  
fi  
  
if[ ! -d $SOFT_PATH ];then  
mkdir -p $SOFT_PATH  
fi  
  
download ()  
{  
cd $SOFT_PATH ;wget $DOWN_PATH/$NGINX_FILE  
}  
  
install ()  
{  
yum install pcre-devel -y  
cd $SOFT_PATH ;tar xzf $NGINX_FILE ;cd nginx-1.2.0/ &&./configure –prefix=/usr/local/nginx/ –with-http_stub_status_module –with-http_ssl_module  
[ $? -eq 0 ]&&make &&make install  
}  
  
start ()  
{  
lsof -i :80[ $? -ne 0 ]&&/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx  
}  
  
stop ()  
{  
ps -ef |grep nginx |grep -v grep |awk ‘{print $2}’|xargs kill -9  
}  
  
exit ()  
{  
echo $? ;exit  
}  
  
###case menu #####  
  
case $1 in  
download )  
download  
;;  
  
install )  
install  
;;  
  
start )  
start  
;;  
stop )  
stop  
;;  
  
* )  
  
echo “USAGE:$0 {download or install or start or stop}”  
exit  
esac  
10、批量解压tar脚本,批量解压zip并且建立当前目录。
#!/bin/sh  
PATH1=/tmp/images  
PATH2=/usr/www/images  
for i in `ls ${PATH1}/*`  
do  
tar xvf  $i  -C $PATH2  
done  

这个脚本是针对所有tar文件在一个目录,但是实际情况中,有可能在下级或者更深的目录,我们可以使用find查找

#!/bin/sh  
PATH1=/tmp/images  
PATH2=/usr/www/images  
for i in `find  $PATH1  -name  ”*.tar” `  
do  
tar xvf  $i  -C $PATH2  
done  

如何是zip文件,例如123189.zip 132342.zip 等等批量文件,默认unzip直接解压不带自身目录,意思是解压123189.zip完当前目录就是图片,不能创建123189目录下并解压,可以用shell脚本实现

#!/bin/sh  
PATH1=/tmp/images  
PATH2=/usr/www/images  
cd $PATH1  
  
for i in `find  . -name  ”*.zip”|awk  -F.  {print $2} `  
do  
  
mkdir -p   PATH2$i  
  
unzip -o  .$i.zip  -d   PATH2$i  
done   

ssh 批量上传文件

上传文件大多数用的是ftp,但是用ftp有一点不好,就是本地和远程的目录要对应,这样就要在多个目录下去切换,这样挺麻烦的,如果不注意的话,很有可能传错。所以想了个办法利用scp来批量上传文件或者目录。

一,scp上传不要输入密码
如果要用scp来上传文件,第一步就要去掉scp上传时要输入密码。要不然就没办法批量上传了。具体请参考:ssh 不用输入密码

二,ssh批量上传脚本

1,要上传的文件列表放到一个test文件中
root@ubuntu:/home/zhangy# cat test    
/home/zhangy/test/aaa    
/home/zhangy/test/nginx.conf    
    
/home/zhangy/test/test.sql    
/home/zhangy/test/pa.txt    
/home/zhangy/test/password    

上面就要上传的文件。

2,批量上传的脚本

vim file_upload.sh

#!/bin/sh  
  
DATE=`date +%Y_%m_%d_%H`  
  
if [ $1 ]  
then  
  for file in $(sed '/^$/d' $1)     //去掉空行  
  do  
    if [ -f $file ]                 //普通文件  
    then  
      res=`scp $file $2:$file`      //上传文件  
      if [ -z $res ]                //上传成功  
      then  
        echo $file >> ${DATE}_upload.log   //上传成功的日志  
      fi  
    elif [ -d $file ]              //目录  
    then  
      res=`scp -r $file $2:$file`  
      if [ -z $res ]  
      then  
        echo $file >> ${DATE}_upload.log  
      fi  
    fi  
  done  
else  
  echo "no file" >> ${DATE}_error.log  
fi  

上传成功后,返回的是一个空行,上传不成功,什么都不返回

3,上传的格式
./file_upload.sh test 192.168.1.13 

test是上传列表文件,192.168.1.13文件要传到的地方。
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1. 转换文件大小写:

A script to convert the specified filenames to lower case.

#!/bin/sh  
 # lowerit  
# convert all file names in the current directory to lower case  
# only operates on plain files--does not change the name of directories  
# will ask for verification before overwriting an existing file  
for x in `ls`  
do  
    if [ ! -f $x ]; then  
        continue  
    fi  
    lc=`echo $x  | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`  
    if [ $lc != $x ]; then  
        mv -i $x $lc  
    fi  
done  

or

if test $# = 0  
then  
    echo "Usage $0: <files>" 1>&2  
    exit 1  
fi  
  
for filename in "$@"  
do  
    new_filename=`echo "$filename" | tr A-Z a-z`  
    test "$filename" = "$new_filename" && continue  
    if test -r "$new_filename"  
    then  
        echo "$0: $new_filename exists" 1>&2  
    elif test -e "$filename"  
    then  
        mv "$filename" "$new_filename"  
    else  
        echo "$0: $filename not found" 1>&2  
    fi  
done  
2. 看网站 Watch a Website

A script to repeated download a webpage until it matches a regex then notify an e-mail address.
For example to get e-mail when Kesha tickets (not for yourself of course) go on sale you might run:

% watch_website.sh http://ticketek.com.au/ 'Ke[sS$]+ha' andrewt@cse.unsw.edu.au  
  
  
repeat_seconds=300  #check every 5 minutes  
  
if test $# = 3  
then  
    url=$1  
    regexp=$2  
    email_address=$3  
else  
    echo "Usage: $0 <url> <regex>" 1>&2  
    exit 1  
fi  
  
while true  
do  
    if wget -O- -q "$url"|egrep "$regexp" >/dev/null  
    then  
        echo "Generated by $0" | mail -s "$url now matches $regexp" $email_address  
        exit 0  
    fi  
    sleep $repeat_seconds  
done  
3. 转GIF到PNG convert GIF files to PNG

This scripts converts GIF files to PNG files via the intermediate PPM format.

if [ $# -eq 0 ]  
then  
    echo "Usage: $0 files..." 1>&2  
    exit 1  
fi  
  
if ! type giftopnm 2>/dev/null  
then  
    echo "$0: conversion tool giftopnm not found " 1>&2  
    exit 1  
fi  
  
# missing "in ..." defaults to in "$@"  
for f  
do  
    case "$f" in  
    *.gif)  
        # OK, do nothing  
        ;;  
    *)  
        echo "gif2png: skipping $f, not GIF"  
        continue  
        ;;  
    esac  
  
    dir=`dirname "$f"`  
    base=`basename "$f" .gif`  
    result="$dir/$base.png"  
  
    giftopnm "$f" | pnmtopng > $result && echo "wrote $result"  
done  
4. 计数 Counting

A utility script to print the sub-range of integers specified by its arguments.
Useful to use on the command line or from other scripts

if test $# = 1  
then  
    start=1  
    finish=$1  
elif test $# = 2  
then  
    start=$1  
    finish=$2  
else  
    echo "Usage: $0 <start> <finish>" 1>&2  
    exit 1  
fi  
  
for argument in "$@"  
do  
    if echo "$argument"|egrep -v '^-?[0-9]+$' >/dev/null  
    then  
        echo "$0: argument '$argument' is not an integer" 1>&2  
        exit 1  
    fi  
done  
  
number=$start  
while test $number -le $finish  
do  
    echo $number  
    number=`expr $number + 1`    # or number=$(($number + 1))  
done  
5. 字频率 Word Frequency

Count the number of time each different word occurs in the files given as arguments.

sed 's/ /\n/g' "$@"|      # convert to one word per line  
tr A-Z a-z|               # map uppercase to lower case  
sed "s/[^a-z']//g"|       # remove all characters except a-z and '    
egrep -v '^$'|             # remove empty lines  
sort|                     # place words in alphabetical order  
uniq -c|                  # use uniq to count how many times each word occurs  
sort -n                   # order words in frequency of occurrance  

For example

% cd /home/cs2041/public_html/lec/shell/examples  
% ./word_frequency.sh dracula.txt|tail  
   2124 it  
   2440 that  
   2486 in  
   2549 he  
   2911 a  
   3600 of  
   4448 to  
   4740 i  
   5833 and  
   7843 the  
6. Finding

Search $PATH for the specified programs

if test $# = 0  
then  
    echo "Usage $0: <program>" 1>&2  
    exit 1  
fi  
  
for program in "$@"  
do  
    program_found=''  
    for directory in `echo "$PATH" | tr ':' ' '`  
    do  
        f="$directory/$program"  
        if test -x "$f"  
        then  
            ls -ld "$f"  
            program_found=1  
        fi  
    done  
    if test -z $program_found  
    then  
        echo "$program not found"  
    fi  
done  

Alternative implementation using while, and a cute use of grep and ||

if test $# = 0  
then  
    echo "Usage $0: <program>" 1>&2  
    exit 1  
fi  
  
for program in "$@"  
do  
    echo "$PATH"|  
    tr ':' '\n'|  
    while read directory  
    do  
        f="$directory/$program"  
        if test -x "$f"  
        then  
            ls -ld "$f"  
        fi  
    done|  
    egrep '.' || echo "$program not found"  
done  

And another implementation using while, and a cute use of grep and ||

if test $# = 0  
then  
    echo "Usage $0: <program>" 1>&2  
    exit 1  
fi  
for program in "$@"  
do  
    n_path_components=`echo $PATH|tr -d -c :|wc -c`  
    index=1  
    while test $index -le $n_path_components  
    do  
        directory=`echo "$PATH"|cut -d: -f$index`  
        f="$directory/$program"  
        if test -x "$f"  
        then  
            ls -ld "$f"  
            program_found=1  
        fi  
        index=`expr $index + 1`  
    done  
    test -n $program_found || echo "$program not found"  
done  
    原文作者:随风化作雨
    原文地址: https://www.jianshu.com/p/884900589a9f
    本文转自网络文章,转载此文章仅为分享知识,如有侵权,请联系博主进行删除。
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