Python: 正则表达式实例透析

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re模块

import re

re.search

经常用match = re.search(pat, str)的形式。因为有可能匹配不到,所以re.search()后面一般用if statement

str = 'an example word:cat!!'
match = re.search(r'word:\w\w\w', str)
if match:
    print 'found', match.group() ## 'found word:cat'
else:
    print 'did not find'
found word:cat
# re.search return a match object, which contains lots of info
print type(match)
<type '_sre.SRE_Match'>
print match.string # source string
print match.group()
print match.start() # position of w
print match.end() # position of t
print match.endpos # position of last !
print match.span()
an example word:cat!!
word:cat
11
19
21
(11, 19)

re.match

re.matchre.search很相似,只是re.match是从字符串的开头开始匹配。

s = 'python tuts'
match = re.match(r'py',s)
if match:
    print(match.group())
py
s = 'python tuts'
match = re.search(r'^py',s)
if match:
    print(match.group())
py

常用正则字符意义

  • a, X, 9,等字符匹配自己, 元字符不匹配自己,因为有特殊意义,比如** . ^ $ * + ? { }[ ] \ | ( )**

  • . 英文句号,匹配任意字符,不包含’\n’

  • \w 匹配’word’字符,[a-zA-Z0-9]

  • \W 匹配非’word’字符

  • \b 匹配’word’和’non-word’之间边界

  • \s 匹配单个whitespace字符,space, newline, return, tab, form [\n\r\t\f]

  • \S 匹配non-whitespace字符

  • \t, \n, \r 匹配tab, newline, return

  • \d 匹配数字[0-9]

  • ^ 匹配字符串开头

  • $ 匹配字符串结尾

重复

‘+’ 一或多次, ‘*’ 零或多次, ‘?’ 零或一次

方括号[]

# 提取email address
string = 'purple alice-b@gmail.com monkey dishwasher'
match = re.search(r'\w+@\w+', string)
if match:
    print match.group()  ## 'b@google'
b@gmail

[]类似于or
Square brackets can be used to indicate a set of chars, so [abc] matches ‘a’ or ‘b’ or ‘c’.

match = re.search(r'[\w.-]+@[\w.-]+',string)
if match:
    print match.group()
alice-b@gmail.com

Group Extraction圆括号()

有时候需要提取匹配字符的一部分,比如刚才的邮箱,我们可能需要其中的usernamehostname,这时候可以用()分别把usernamehostname包起来,就像r'([\w.-]+)@([\w.-]+)',如果匹配成功,那么pattern不改变,只是可以用match.group(1)match.group(2)usernamehostnamematch.group()结果不变。

string = 'purple alice-b@google.com monkey dishwasher'
match = re.search(r'([\w\.-]+)@([\w\.-]+)',string)
if match:
    # Return subgroup(s) of the match by indices or names.
    print match.group() # or match.group(0)
    print match.group(1)
    print match.group(2)
if match:
    # Return a tuple containing all the subgroups of the match, from 1.
    print match.groups()
alice-b@google.com
alice-b
google.com
('alice-b', 'google.com')

findall and groups

()findall()结合,如果包括一或多个group,就返回a list of tuples

str = 'purple alice@google.com, blah monkey bob@abc.com blah dishwasher'
tuples = re.findall(r'([\w\.-]+)@([\w\.-]+)', str)
print tuples  # [('alice', 'google.com'), ('bob', 'abc.com')]
for tuple in tuples:
    print tuple[0] # username
    print tuple[1] # host
[('alice', 'google.com'), ('bob', 'abc.com')]
alice
google.com
bob
abc.com

re.search^之后是一样的。

re.sub

re.sub(pat, replacement, str)在str里寻找和pattern匹配的字符串,然后用replacement替换。replacement可以包含\1或者\2来代替相应的group,然后实现局部替换。

# replace hostname
str = 'alice@google.com, and bob@abc.com'
#returns new string with all replacements,
# \1 is group(1), \2 group(2) in the replacement
print re.sub(r'([\w\.-]+)@([\w\.-]+)', r'\1@yo-yo-dyne.com', str)
alice@yo-yo-dyne.com, and bob@yo-yo-dyne.com

参考

    原文作者:米乐乐果
    原文地址: https://www.jianshu.com/p/922e9e56b017
    本文转自网络文章,转载此文章仅为分享知识,如有侵权,请联系博主进行删除。
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