isinstance和issubclass
1.isinstance(obj,cls)检查是否obj是否是类 cls 的对象
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
class Foo:
pass
obj = Foo()
print(isinstance(obj,Foo))2.issubclass(cls,cls)检查Bar是否是Foo的派生类
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
class Foo(object):
pass
class Bar(Foo):
pass
print(issubclass(Bar,Foo))反射
1.反射：
反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的，主要是指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身状态或行为的一种能力（自省）。这一概念的提出很快引发了计算机科学领域关于应用反射性的研究。它首先被程序语言的设计领域所采用,并在Lisp和面向对象方面取得了成绩。
2.python面向对象中的反射：通过字符串的形式操作对象相关的属性。python中的一切事物都是对象（都可以使用反射）四个可以实现反射的函数：
def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.
"""
pass
hasattrdef setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.
setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''
"""
pass
setattrdef delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Deletes the named attribute from the given object.
delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''
"""
pass
delattr应用：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
class Foo:
f = '类的静态变量'
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name=name
self.age=age
def say_hi(self):
print('hi,%s'%self.name)
obj=Foo('egon',73)
#1.检查是否含有某属性
print(hasattr(obj,"name")) #有该属性返回True
print(hasattr(obj,"six")) #无该属性返回False
#2.获取该属性
n = getattr(obj,"name")
print(n)
func = getattr(obj,"say_hi")
func()
#3.设置属性
setattr(obj,'sb',True)
setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb')
print(obj.__dict__) #{'name': 'egon', 'age': 73, 'sb': True, 'show_name': <function <lambda> at 0x0020C660>}
print(obj.show_name(obj)) #egonsb
#4.删除属性
delattr(obj,'age')
delattr(obj,'show_name')
delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,则报错
print(obj.__dict__)类也是一种属性
class Foo(object):
staticField = "old boy"
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'wupeiqi'
def func(self):
return 'func'
@staticmethod
def bar():
return 'bar'
print(getattr(Foo,"staticField"))
print(getattr(Foo,"func"))
print(getattr(Foo,"bar"))模块：
import sys
def s1():
print("s1")
def s2():
print("s2")
this_module = sys.modules[__name__]
print(hasattr(this_module, 's1')) #True
print(getattr(this_module, 's2')) #<function s2 at 0x02793780>__str__和,__repr__
改变对象的字符串显示__str__,__repr__
自定制格式化字符串__format__
format_dict={
'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#学校名-学校地址-学校类型
'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#学校类型:学校名:学校地址
'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#学校类型/学校地址/学校名
}
class School:
def __init__(self,name,addr,type):
self.name=name
self.addr=addr
self.type=type
def __repr__(self):
return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)
def __str__(self):
return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr)
def __format__(self, format_spec):
# if format_spec
if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict:
format_spec='nat'
fmt=format_dict[format_spec]
return fmt.format(obj=self)
s1=School('oldboy1','北京','私立')
print('from repr: ',repr(s1))
print('from str: ',str(s1))
print(s1)
'''
str函数或者print函数--->obj.__str__()
repr或者交互式解释器--->obj.__repr__()
如果__str__没有被定义,那么就会使用__repr__来代替输出
注意:这俩方法的返回值必须是字符串,否则抛出异常
'''
print(format(s1,'nat'))
print(format(s1,'tna'))
print(format(s1,'tan'))
print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))
打印结果：
from repr: School(oldboy1,北京)
from str: (oldboy1,北京)
(oldboy1,北京)
oldboy1-北京-私立
私立:oldboy1:北京
私立/北京/oldboy1
oldboy1-北京-私立%s和%r的区别
class B:
def __str__(self):
return 'str : class B'
def __repr__(self):
return 'repr : class B'
b = B()
print('%s' % b)
print('%r' % b)
#打印结果为：
str : class B
repr : class Bitem
__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__class Foo:
def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name
def __getitem__(self, item):
print(self.__dict__[item])
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
self.__dict__[key]=value
def __delitem__(self, key):
print('del obj[key]时,我执行')
self.__dict__.pop(key)
def __delattr__(self, item):
print('del obj.key时,我执行')
self.__dict__.pop(item)
f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1
del f1['age']
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)__new__
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.x = 1
print('in init function')
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print('in new function')
return object.__new__(A, *args, **kwargs)
a = A()
print(a.x)class Singleton:
def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
cls._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kw)
return cls._instance
one = Singleton()
two = Singleton()
two.a = 3
print(one.a)
# 3
# one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测
print(id(one))
# 29097904
print(id(two))
# 29097904
print(one == two)
# True
print(one is two)
单例模式__call__
对象后面加括号，触发执行。
注：构造方法的执行是由创建对象触发的，即：对象 = 类名() ；而对于 call 方法的执行是由对象后加括号触发的，即：对象() 或者 类()()
class Foo:
def __init__(self):
pass
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print('__call__')
obj = Foo() # 执行 __init__
obj() # 执行 __call____len__
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.a = 1
self.b = 2
def __len__(self):
return len(self.__dict__)
a = A()
print(len(a))__hash__
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.a = 1
self.b = 2
def __hash__(self):
return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b))
a = A()
print(hash(a))__eq__
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.a = 1
self.b = 2
def __eq__(self,obj):
if self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b:
return True
a = A()
b = A()
print(a == b)逻辑题：
class Person:
def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.sex = sex
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.name+self.sex)
def __eq__(self, other):
if self.name == other.name and self.sex == other.sex:return True
p_lst = []
for i in range(84):
p_lst.append(Person('egon',i,'male'))
#
# print(p_lst)
obj = list(set(p_lst))[0]
print(obj.name,obj.age,obj.sex)