测试类——python编程从入门到实践

1.各种断言方法

  常用断言方法:

方法

用途

assertEqual(a, b)

核实a == b

assertNotEqual(a, b)

核实a != b

assertTrue(x)

核实x为True

assertFalse(x)

核实x为False

asseertIn(item, list)

核实item在list中

assertNotIn(item, list)

核实item不在list中

2.一个要测试的类

  首先编写一个类:

survey.py
class AnonymousSurvey:
    """收集匿名调查问卷的答案"""

    def __init__(self, question):
        """存储一个问题,并为存储答案做准备"""
        self.question = question
        self.responses = []

    def show_quetion(self):
        """显示调查问卷"""
        print(self.question)

    def store_response(self, new_response):
        """存储单份调查答案"""
        self.responses.append(new_response)

    def show_result(self):
        """显示收集到的所有答卷"""
        print("Survey result:")
        for response in self.responses:
            print('- ' + response)

  为证明AnonymousSurvey类可以正确的工作,编写一个使用它的程序:

language_survey.py
from survey import AnonymousSurvey

# 定义一个问题,并创建一个表示调查的AnonymousSurvey对象
question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"
my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)

# 显示并存储问题的答案
my_survey.show_quetion()
print("Enter 'q' at any time to quit.\n")
while True:
    response = input("Language: ")
    if response == 'q':
        break
    my_survey.store_response(response)

# 显示调查结果
print("\nThank you to everyone who participated in survey!")
my_survey.show_result()

  运行结果:

What language did you first learn to speak?
Enter 'q' at any time to quit.

Language: English
Language: Spanish
Language: English
Language: Mandarin
Language: q

Thank you to everyone who participated in survey!
Survey result:
- English
- Spanish
- English
- Mandarin

3.测试AnonymousSurvey类

  对AnonymousSurvey类行为的一个方面进行验证:如果用户面对调查问题时只提供了一个答案,这个答案也能被妥善地存储。使用方法assertIn()来核实它包含在答案列表中:

test_survey.py
import unittest
from survey import AnonymousSurvey


class TestAnonymousSurvey(unittest.TestCase):
    """针对AnonymousSurvey类的测试"""

    def test_store_single_response(self):
        """测试单个答案会被妥善地存储"""
        question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"
        my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)
        my_survey.store_response('English')

        self.assertIn('English', my_survey.responses)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()

  运行test_survey.py时,测试通过了:

Ran 1 test in 0.010s

OK

  只能收集一个答案的调查用途不大。下面核实用户提供三个答案时,它们也将被妥善地存储。为此,在AnonymousSurvey中再添加一个方法:

import unittest
from survey import AnonymousSurvey


class TestAnonymousSurvey(unittest.TestCase):
    """针对AnonymousSurvey类的测试"""

    def test_store_single_response(self):
        ...

    def test_store_three_response(self):
        """测试三个答案会被妥善地存储"""
        question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"
        my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)
        responses = ['English', 'Spanish', 'Mandarin']
        for response in responses:
            my_survey.store_response(response)

        for response in responses:
            self.assertIn(response, my_survey.responses)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()        

  再次运行test_survey.py时,两个测试都通过了:

Ran 2 tests in 0.002s

OK

  这些还有些重复的地方,怎么更简洁呢?

4.方法setUp()

  unittest.TestCase类包含方法setUp(),只需创建这些对象一次,并在每个测试方法中使用它们。如果在TestCase类中包含了方法setUp(),Python将先运行它,再运行各个以test_打头的方法。这样,在编写的每个测试方法中都可使用方法setUp()中创建的对象。

  使用setUp()来创建一个调查对象和一组答案,供方法test_store_single_response()和test_store_three_responses()使用:

import unittest
from survey import AnonymousSurvey


class TestAnonymousSurvey(unittest.TestCase):
    """针对AnonymousSurvey类的测试"""

    def setUp(self):
        """
        创建一个调查对象和一组答案,供使用的测试方法使用
        """
        question = "What language did you first learn to speak?"
        self.my_survey = AnonymousSurvey(question)
        self.responses = ['English', 'Spanish', 'Mandarin']

    def test_store_single_response(self):
        """测试单个答案会被妥善地存储"""
        self.my_survey.store_response(self.responses[0])
        self.assertIn(self.responses[0], self.my_survey.responses)

    def test_store_three_response(self):
        """测试三个答案会被妥善地存储"""
        for response in self.responses:
            self.my_survey.store_response(response)
        for response in self.responses:
            self.assertIn(response, self.my_survey.responses)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()

  方法setUp()做了两件事:创建一个调查对象;创建一个答案列表。存储这两样东西的变量名包含前缀self,因此可以在这个类中的任何地方使用。这个让两个测试方法都更加简单,不用创建调查对象和答案。

  测试自己编写的类时,方法setUp()让测试方法编写起来更容易:可在setUp中创建一系列实例并设置它们的属性,再在测试方法中直接使用这些实例。相比于每个测试方法中都创建实例并设置其属性要容易得多。

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