Python进阶:聊协程

从一个爬虫说起

  Python 2 的时代使用生成器协程,Python 3.7 提供了新的基于 asyncio 和 async / await 的方法。先看一个简单的爬虫代码,爬虫的 scrawl_page 函数为休眠数秒,休眠时间取决于 url 最后的那个数字。

import time

def crawl_page(url):
    print('crawling {}'.format(url))
    sleep_time = int(url.split('_')[-1])
    time.sleep(sleep_time)
    print('OK {}'.format(url))

def main(urls):
    for url in urls:
        crawl_page(url)

%time main(['url_1', 'url_2', 'url_3', 'url_4'])

######### 输出 ##########

crawling url_1
OK url_1
crawling url_2
OK url_2
crawling url_3
OK url_3
crawling url_4
OK url_4
Wall time: 10 s

  由于是同步执行,因此用了10秒。   试着用协程实现:

import asyncio
import nest_asyncio
nest_asyncio.apply()

async def crawl_page(url):
    print('crawling {}'.format(url))
    sleep_time = int(url.split('_')[-1])
    await asyncio.sleep(sleep_time)
    print('OK {}'.format(url))

async def main(urls):
    for url in urls:
        await crawl_page(url)

%time asyncio.run(main(['url_1', 'url_2', 'url_3', 'url_4']))

########## 输出 ##########

crawling url_1
OK url_1
crawling url_2
OK url_2
crawling url_3
OK url_3
crawling url_4
OK url_4
Wall time: 10 s

  首先来看 import asyncio,这个库包含了大部分我们实现协程所需的魔法工具。async 修饰词声明异步函数,于是,这里的 crawl_page 和 main 都变成了异步函数。可以通过 await 来调用异步函数。await 执行的效果和 Python 正常执行是一样的,也就是说程序会阻塞在这里,进入被调用的协程函数,执行完毕返回后再继续,而这也是 await 的字面意思。代码中 await asyncio.sleep(sleep_time) 会在这里休息若干秒,await crawl_page(url) 则会执行 crawl_page() 函数。

  上面的代码仍然是同步执行的,所以同样是用了10秒。

  如果要异步执行,可以用Task任务的概念。

import asyncio
import nest_asyncio
nest_asyncio.apply()

async def crawl_page(url):
print('crawling {}'.format(url))
sleep_time = int(url.split('_')[-1])
await asyncio.sleep(sleep_time)
print('OK {}'.format(url))

async def main(urls):
tasks = [asyncio.create_task(crawl_page(url)) for url in urls]
for task in tasks:
await task

%time asyncio.run(main(['url_1', 'url_2', 'url_3', 'url_4']))

######### 输出 ##########

crawling url_1
crawling url_2
crawling url_3
crawling url_4
OK url_1
OK url_2
OK url_3
OK url_4
Wall time: 4.01 s

  在create_task创建任务后,任务就会马上由事件循环调度执行。如果不调用await task,代码就不会阻塞。我们想要等所有任务结束再往下走,因此用for task in tasks: await task。现在时间就4秒左右,可以用await asyncio.gather(*tasks)来代替for task in tasks: await task。

import asyncio
import nest_asyncio
nest_asyncio.apply()
import time

async def crawl_page(url):
    print('crawling {}'.format(url))
    sleep_time = int(url.split('_')[-1])
    #await asyncio.sleep(sleep_time)
    await asyncio.sleep(sleep_time)
    print('OK {}'.format(url))

async def main(urls):
    tasks = [asyncio.create_task(crawl_page(url)) for url in urls ]
    await asyncio.gather(*tasks)

%time asyncio.run(main(['url_1', 'url_2', 'url_3', 'url_4']))

协程运行时出现错误,要怎么处理?

  看代码:

import asyncio
import nest_asyncio
nest_asyncio.apply()

async def worker_1():
    await asyncio.sleep(1)
    return 1

async def worker_2():
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    return 2 / 0

async def worker_3():
    await asyncio.sleep(3)
    print('over worker_3')
    return 3

async def main():
    task_1 = asyncio.create_task(worker_1())
    task_2 = asyncio.create_task(worker_2())
    task_3 = asyncio.create_task(worker_3())

    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    task_3.cancel()

    res = await asyncio.gather(task_1, task_2, task_3, return_exceptions=True)
    print(res)

%time asyncio.run(main())

########## 输出 ##########

# [1, ZeroDivisionError('division by zero'), CancelledError()]
# Wall time: 2 s

  注意return_exceptions参数,上面代码在执worker_2会抛出除0的异常,而worker_2中没有做try..catch捕捉错误,本应该会程序会停止,由于设置了return_exceptions=True,所以没有影响到其他任务的执行。而 CancelledError()表示task_3被cancel()取消掉.

协程实现消费者生产者模型

  show the code:

import asyncio
import random

async def consumer(queue, id):
    while True:
        val = await queue.get()
        print('{} get a val: {}'.format(id, val))
        await asyncio.sleep(1)

async def producer(queue, id):
    for i in range(5):
        val = random.randint(1, 10)
        await queue.put(val)
        print('{} put a val: {}'.format(id, val))
        await asyncio.sleep(2)

async def main():
    queue = asyncio.Queue()

    consumer_1 = asyncio.create_task(consumer(queue, 'consumer_1'))
    consumer_2 = asyncio.create_task(consumer(queue, 'consumer_2'))

    producer_1 = asyncio.create_task(producer(queue, 'producer_1'))
    producer_2 = asyncio.create_task(producer(queue, 'producer_2'))
    
    await asyncio.sleep(10)
    consumer_1.cancel()
    consumer_2.cancel()
    
    await asyncio.gather(consumer_1, consumer_2, producer_1, producer_2, return_exceptions=True)

%time asyncio.run(main())

########## 输出 ##########

# producer_1 put a val: 5
# producer_2 put a val: 3
# consumer_1 get a val: 5
# consumer_2 get a val: 3
# producer_1 put a val: 1
# producer_2 put a val: 3
# consumer_2 get a val: 1
# consumer_1 get a val: 3
# producer_1 put a val: 6
# producer_2 put a val: 10
# consumer_1 get a val: 6
# consumer_2 get a val: 10
# producer_1 put a val: 4
# producer_2 put a val: 5
# consumer_2 get a val: 4
# consumer_1 get a val: 5
# producer_1 put a val: 2
# producer_2 put a val: 8
# consumer_1 get a val: 2
# consumer_2 get a val: 8
# Wall time: 10 s

实战:豆瓣近日推荐电影爬虫

同步版本

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

def main():
    url = "https://movie.douban.com/cinema/later/beijing/"
    init_page = requests.get(url).content
    init_soup = BeautifulSoup(init_page, 'lxml')

    all_movies = init_soup.find('div', id="showing-soon")
    for each_movie in all_movies.find_all('div', class_="item"):
        all_a_tag = each_movie.find_all('a')
        all_li_tag = each_movie.find_all('li')

        movie_name = all_a_tag[1].text
        url_to_fetch = all_a_tag[1]['href']
        movie_date = all_li_tag[0].text

        response_item = requests.get(url_to_fetch).content
        soup_item = BeautifulSoup(response_item, 'lxml')
        img_tag = soup_item.find('img')

        print('{} {} {}'.format(movie_name, movie_date, img_tag['src']))

%time main()

########## 输出 ##########
九龙不败 07月02日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560169035.jpg
善良的天使 07月02日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2558266159.jpg
别岁 07月02日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2558138041.jpg
上海的女儿 07月02日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2555602094.jpg
爱宠大机密2 07月05日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2555923582.jpg
扫毒2天地对决 07月05日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560684734.jpg
猪猪侠·不可思议的世界 07月05日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560664101.jpg
他她他她 07月05日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2559292102.jpg
狮子王 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2559658750.jpg
命运之夜——天之杯II :迷失之蝶 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560749451.jpg
宝莱坞机器人2.0:重生归来 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2558657891.jpg
素人特工 07月12日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560447448.jpg
机动战士高达NT 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2558661806.jpg
舞动吧!少年 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2555119986.jpg
嘿,蠢贼 07月16日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560832388.jpg
银河补习班 07月18日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560954373.jpg
小小的愿望 07月18日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560659129.jpg
匠心 07月18日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2553935771.jpg
猪八戒·传说 07月19日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2559590242.jpg
刀背藏身 07月19日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2557644589.jpg
为家而战 07月19日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2559337905.jpg
Wall time: 22.1 s

异步版本

import asyncio
import aiohttp

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

async def fetch_content(url):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession(
        headers=header, connector=aiohttp.TCPConnector(ssl=False)
    ) as session:
        async with session.get(url) as response:
            return await response.text()

async def main():
    url = "https://movie.douban.com/cinema/later/beijing/"
    init_page = await fetch_content(url)
    init_soup = BeautifulSoup(init_page, 'lxml')

    movie_names, urls_to_fetch, movie_dates = [], [], []

    all_movies = init_soup.find('div', id="showing-soon")
    for each_movie in all_movies.find_all('div', class_="item"):
        all_a_tag = each_movie.find_all('a')
        all_li_tag = each_movie.find_all('li')

        movie_names.append(all_a_tag[1].text)
        urls_to_fetch.append(all_a_tag[1]['href'])
        movie_dates.append(all_li_tag[0].text)

    tasks = [fetch_content(url) for url in urls_to_fetch]
    pages = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)

    for movie_name, movie_date, page in zip(movie_names, movie_dates, pages):
        soup_item = BeautifulSoup(page, 'lxml')
        img_tag = soup_item.find('img')

        print('{} {} {}'.format(movie_name, movie_date, img_tag['src']))

%time asyncio.run(main())

########## 输出 ##########

九龙不败 07月02日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560169035.jpg
善良的天使 07月02日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2558266159.jpg
别岁 07月02日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2558138041.jpg
上海的女儿 07月02日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2555602094.jpg
爱宠大机密2 07月05日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2555923582.jpg
扫毒2天地对决 07月05日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560684734.jpg
猪猪侠·不可思议的世界 07月05日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560664101.jpg
他她他她 07月05日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2559292102.jpg
狮子王 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2559658750.jpg
命运之夜——天之杯II :迷失之蝶 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560749451.jpg
宝莱坞机器人2.0:重生归来 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2558657891.jpg
素人特工 07月12日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560447448.jpg
机动战士高达NT 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2558661806.jpg
舞动吧!少年 07月12日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2555119986.jpg
嘿,蠢贼 07月16日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560832388.jpg
银河补习班 07月18日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560954373.jpg
小小的愿望 07月18日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2560659129.jpg
匠心 07月18日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2553935771.jpg
猪八戒·传说 07月19日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2559590242.jpg
刀背藏身 07月19日 https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2557644589.jpg
为家而战 07月19日 https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2559337905.jpg
Wall time: 5.82 s

参考

  极客时间《Python核心技术与实战》专栏

 

 

 

    原文作者:秋官
    原文地址: https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaoguanqiu/p/11116827.html
    本文转自网络文章,转载此文章仅为分享知识,如有侵权,请联系博主进行删除。
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