c# – 递归函数堆栈无处不在地共享一个变量

2023年5月16日 213次阅读

我试图制作一个程序,使用回溯在迷宫中找到哈密顿路径.它应该返回编号为迷宫的迷宫上的路径.问题是当一个堆栈倒退时,其中一个变量(它是迷宫的表示)从调用继承,而其他变量(即使它们以相同的方式被声明),也不会(这很好).我尝试了几个解决方法,包括通过创建一个单独的类来实例化,我包含了调试消息.这是代码,有一些注释可以提供帮助.

using System;


namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    //I made a separate class for the function
    class btr
    {
        public short[,] mz = new short[,] { };//tried to pull the variable out of the function, no success 
        public void bt(int i, int j, int l)
        {
            bool ok;
            ok = true;
            Console.WriteLine("in" + '\n' + Program.print(mz, l) + 'i' + i + 'j' + j + '\n'); //debug message for entering
            if (i > 0 && mz[i - 1, j] == 0)
            {
                ok = false;
                mz[i, j] = 1; // 1 aka go up
                var x = new btr { };
                //my attempt to avoid the problem by instantiating the function, no success...
                x.mz = mz;
                x.bt(i - 1, j, l);
                //When this function exits the mz variable is copied to this one. Same for all the ifs below
            }
            if (j > 0 && mz[i, j - 1] == 0)
            {
                ok = false;
                mz[i, j] = 2; //2 aka go left
                var x = new btr { };
                x.mz = mz;
                x.bt(i, j - 1, l);
            }
            if (i < l && mz[i + 1, j] == 0)
            {
                ok = false;
                mz[i, j] = 3;//3 aka go down 
                var x = new btr { };
                x.mz = mz;
                x.bt(i + 1, j, l);
            }
            if (j < l && mz[i, j + 1] == 0)
            {
                ok = false;
                mz[i, j] = 4;//4 aka go right 
                var x = new btr { };
                x.mz = mz;
                x.bt(i, j + 1, l);
            }
            Console.WriteLine("out" + '\n' + Program.print(mz, l) + 'i' + i + 'j' + j + '\n');  //debug message for exiting
            if (ok) //this is for printing the solution when it is found
            {
                mz[i, j] = 8;// 8 aka the end
                foreach (int x in mz)
                {
                    if (x == 0) { ok = false; break; }
                }
                if (ok)
                    Console.WriteLine("result" + '\n' + Program.print(mz, l));
            }
        }
    }
    class Program
    {//this is just for preparing the first call 

    static short[,] test = new short[2, 2] { { 0, 0}, { 0, 0} };

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        var x= new btr { };
        x.mz = test;
        x.bt(0,0,1);
    }
    public static string print(short[,] vr,int l)//casts my array into a string that can be printed
    {
        string s = "";
        for (int i = 0; i <= l; i++)
        {
            for (int j = 0; j <= l; j++)
            {
                s += vr[i,j];
            }
            s += '\n';
        }
        return s;
    }
}

}

我作为测试给出了没有任何障碍的2×2迷宫(由测试声明全0表示)并且它应该输出2个解决方案,它只输出一个并且解决方案被“注入”到堆栈中.这是输出：

in
00
00
i0j0

in
30
00
i1j0

in
30
40
i1j1

in
30
41
i0j1

out
30
41
i0j1

result
38
41

out
38
41
i1j1

out
38
41
i1j0

out
38
41
i0j0

正如您所看到的,当函数退出迷宫时仍然是38 41而不是逐渐回落到00 00,因此可以计算出更多的解决方案.我和j不受影响.

最佳答案 我同意在处理递归时不变性是一种有用的技术,特别是在需要反向跟踪的情况下.也就是说,它可以在处理数组时产生不必要的开销,特别是如果它们很大.

在您的场景中,因为您在进行递归调用之前知道要修改的数组的哪个元素,所以您可以在递归调用返回后简单地重置该值.从某种意义上说,您正在利用调用堆栈来保留状态 – 在这种情况下,修改了数组元素的i和j – 并使用它来恢复递归调用后的状态.

这看起来像这样：

public void bt(int i, int j, int l)
{
    bool ok;
    ok = true;
    Console.WriteLine("in" + '\n' + Program.print(mz, l) + 'i' + i + 'j' + j + '\n'); //debug message for entering
    if (i > 0 && mz[i - 1, j] == 0)
    {
        ok = false;
        mz[i, j] = 1; // 1 aka go up
        bt(i - 1, j, l);
        mz[i, j] = 0;
        //When this function exits the mz variable is copied to this one. Same for all the ifs below
    }
    if (j > 0 && mz[i, j - 1] == 0)
    {
        ok = false;
        mz[i, j] = 2; //2 aka go left
        bt(i, j - 1, l);
        mz[i, j] = 0;
    }
    if (i < l && mz[i + 1, j] == 0)
    {
        ok = false;
        mz[i, j] = 3;//3 aka go down 
        bt(i + 1, j, l);
        mz[i, j] = 0;
    }
    if (j < l && mz[i, j + 1] == 0)
    {
        ok = false;
        mz[i, j] = 4;//4 aka go right 
        bt(i, j + 1, l);
        mz[i, j] = 0;
    }
    Console.WriteLine("out" + '\n' + Program.print(mz, l) + 'i' + i + 'j' + j + '\n');  //debug message for exiting
    if (ok) //this is for printing the solution when it is found
    {
        mz[i, j] = 8;// 8 aka the end
        foreach (int x in mz)
        {
            if (x == 0) { ok = false; break; }
        }
        if (ok)
            Console.WriteLine("result" + '\n' + Program.print(mz, l));
    }
}

注意mz [i,j] = 0;每次通话后.

如果您愿意,甚至可以将mz变量放回方法参数列表中.您只处理数组的单个实例,因此将它保留为类字段还是方法参数并不重要.

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