日常项目开发中，进行异常处理都是非常有必要的，而不是把一些只有程序员才能看懂的错误代码抛给用户去看，所以这时候进行统一的异常处理，展现一个比较友好的错误页面就显得很有必要了。

Spring MVC提供的异常处理主要有三种方式：

• 使用 @ExceptionHandler
• 使用@ControllerAdvice 全局异常处理（Global Exception Handling）
• 自定义 HandlerExceptionResolver

使用HTTP Status Codes

首先，自定义一个异常类并使用@ResponseStatus注解，如下：

 @ResponseStatus(value=HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, reason="No such Order")  // 404
 public class OrderNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
     // ...
 }

然后在Controller中使用，代码如下：

@RequestMapping(value="/orders/{id}", method=GET)
 public String showOrder(@PathVariable("id") long id, Model model) {
     Order order = orderRepository.findOrderById(id);

     if (order == null) throw new OrderNotFoundException(id);

     model.addAttribute(order);
     return "orderDetail";
 }

这样，当没有查找到订单时，会返回 HTTP 404。

基于Controller 的异常处理

我们可以使用 @ExceptionHandler 针对任意一个Controller 的中的使用@RequestMapping注解的方法就做异常处理，如下：

@Controller
public class ExceptionHandlingController {

  // @RequestHandler methods
  ...
  
  // Exception handling methods
  
  // Convert a predefined exception to an HTTP Status code
  @ResponseStatus(value=HttpStatus.CONFLICT,
                  reason="Data integrity violation")  // 409
  @ExceptionHandler(DataIntegrityViolationException.class)
  public void conflict() {
    // Nothing to do
  }
  
  // Specify name of a specific view that will be used to display the error:
  @ExceptionHandler({SQLException.class,DataAccessException.class})
  public String databaseError() {
    // Nothing to do.  Returns the logical view name of an error page, passed
    // to the view-resolver(s) in usual way.
    // Note that the exception is NOT available to this view (it is not added
    // to the model) but see "Extending ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver"
    // below.
    return "databaseError";
  }

  // Total control - setup a model and return the view name yourself. Or
  // consider subclassing ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver (see below).
  @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
  public ModelAndView handleError(HttpServletRequest req, Exception ex) {
    logger.error("Request: " + req.getRequestURL() + " raised " + ex);

    ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView();
    mav.addObject("exception", ex);
    mav.addObject("url", req.getRequestURL());
    mav.setViewName("error");
    return mav;
  }
}

全局异常处理

使用@ControllerAdvice

@ControllerAdvice
class GlobalControllerExceptionHandler {
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CONFLICT)  // 409
    @ExceptionHandler(DataIntegrityViolationException.class)
    public void handleConflict() {
        // Nothing to do
    }
}

捕获异常，跳转到错误页面：

@ControllerAdvice
class GlobalDefaultExceptionHandler {
  public static final String DEFAULT_ERROR_VIEW = "error";

  @ExceptionHandler(value = Exception.class)
  public ModelAndView
  defaultErrorHandler(HttpServletRequest req, Exception e) throws Exception {
    // If the exception is annotated with @ResponseStatus rethrow it and let
    // the framework handle it - like the OrderNotFoundException example
    // at the start of this post.
    // AnnotationUtils is a Spring Framework utility class.
    if (AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation
                (e.getClass(), ResponseStatus.class) != null)
      throw e;

    // Otherwise setup and send the user to a default error-view.
    ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView();
    mav.addObject("exception", e);
    mav.addObject("url", req.getRequestURL());
    mav.setViewName(DEFAULT_ERROR_VIEW);
    return mav;
  }
}

参考资料

Exception Handling in Spring MVC：https://spring.io/blog/2013/11/01/exception-handling-in-spring-mvc