参考的优秀文章

Java加密技术（四）——非对称加密算法RSA

RSA算法原理（一）、RSA算法原理（二）

RSA的公钥和私钥到底哪个才是用来加密和哪个用来解密？

简单的介绍

RSA是有名的非对称加密算法。

RSA有两个密钥，一个是公开的，称为公开密钥；一个是私密的，称为私密密钥。

特点：

• 公开密钥是对大众公开的，私密密钥是服务器私有的，两者不能互推得出。
• 用公开密钥对数据进行加密，私密密钥可解密；私密密钥对数据加密，公开密钥可解密。
• 速度较对称加密慢。

RSA是一个支持加密、签名的算法。

加密：

一般来说，我们通过公开密钥对信息加密，然后发送给服务端，服务端再用私密密钥解密，获取保密的信息。（而RSA中通过私密密钥加密，然后通过公开密钥正确地解密获取信息，但这个过程对于加密来说没有意义，因为公开密钥是公开的，也就是说大家都可以解密。所以私密密钥加密、公开密钥解密用于签名功能）

签名：

签名的目的在于证明给大伙看这份信息是本人所发，并且发送过程中没被篡改。

服务端对于将要发送的信息进行摘要操作（比如MD5），然后对其摘要值用私密密钥加密，形成签名值，将发送的信息与签名值发送出去。客户端收到信息和签名值后，用公开密钥将签名值解密，然后将信息进行摘要操作，再比对两者的摘要值，就可知该信息是否服务端所发，发送过程是否有篡改。

疑问与解答 

为什么叫RSA呢？

答：看一下它的发明者们的名字就知道了：Ron Rivest、Adi Shamir、Leonard Adleman。

非对称加密算法是什么呢？

答：比如，信息通过公开密钥加密，然后不能通过公开密钥解密，只能通过私密密钥去解密。同样的，信息通过私密密钥加密，只能由公开密钥解密。当然，公开密钥与私密密钥之间无法通过计算互推。

RSA运用在哪里呢？

答：比如HTTPS。

简单的RSA使用演示

import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder;
import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;

public class Base64Util {
    
    /**
     * Base64加密
     */
    public static String encryptBASE64(byte[] key) throws Exception {
        return (new BASE64Encoder()).encodeBuffer(key);
    }

    /**
     * Base64解密
     */
    public static byte[] decryptBASE64(String key) throws Exception {
        return (new BASE64Decoder()).decodeBuffer(key);
    }

}

View Code

import java.security.Key;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;

public class RSAUtil {
    public static final String ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM = "RSA";
    public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA";

    /**
     * 生成密钥
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception {
        /* 初始化密钥生成器 */
        KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM);
        keyPairGenerator.initialize(1024);

        /* 生成密钥 */
        KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGenerator.generateKeyPair();
        RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
        RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();

        Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
        keyMap.put("PublicKey", publicKey);
        keyMap.put("PrivateKey", privateKey);
        return keyMap;
    }
    
    /**
     * 取得公钥
     */
    public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
            throws Exception {
        Key key = (Key) keyMap.get("PublicKey");
        return Base64Util.encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
    }
    
    /**
     * 取得私钥
     */
    public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
            throws Exception {
        Key key = (Key) keyMap.get("PrivateKey");
        return Base64Util.encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
    }
    
    /**
     * 加密
     */
    public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, String keyString, boolean isPublic) throws Exception {
        Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = RSAUtil.generateKeyAndFactory(keyString, isPublic);
        KeyFactory keyFactory = RSAUtil.getKeyFactory(keyAndFactoryMap);
        Key key = RSAUtil.getKey(keyAndFactoryMap);
        
        // 对数据加密
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);

        return cipher.doFinal(data);
    }
    
    /**
     * 解密
     */
    public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] data, String keyString, boolean isPublic) throws Exception {
        Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = RSAUtil.generateKeyAndFactory(keyString, isPublic);
        KeyFactory keyFactory = RSAUtil.getKeyFactory(keyAndFactoryMap);
        Key key = RSAUtil.getKey(keyAndFactoryMap);
        
        // 对数据加密
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key);

        return cipher.doFinal(data);
    }
    
    /**
     * 生成钥匙
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> generateKeyAndFactory(String keyString, boolean isPublic) throws Exception {
        byte[] keyBytes = Base64Util.decryptBASE64(keyString);
        
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM);
        Key key = null;
        if (isPublic) {
            X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
            key = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
        } else {
            PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
            key = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
        }
        
        Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
        keyAndFactoryMap.put("key", key);
        keyAndFactoryMap.put("keyFactory", keyFactory);
        
        return keyAndFactoryMap;
    }
    
    /**
     * 从指定对象中获取钥匙
     */
    public static Key getKey(Map<String, Object> map) {
        if (map.get("key") == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return (Key)map.get("key");
    }

    /**
     * 从指定对象中获取钥匙工厂
     */
    public static KeyFactory getKeyFactory(Map<String, Object> map) {
        if (map.get("keyFactory") == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return (KeyFactory)map.get("keyFactory");
    }
    
    /**
     * 对信息生成数字签名（用私钥）
     */
    public static String sign(byte[] data, String keyString) throws Exception {
        Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = RSAUtil.generateKeyAndFactory(keyString, false);
        Key key = RSAUtil.getKey(keyAndFactoryMap);
        
        PrivateKey privateKey = (PrivateKey)key;

        // 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
        signature.initSign(privateKey);
        signature.update(data);

        return Base64Util.encryptBASE64(signature.sign());
    }

    /**
     * 校验数字签名（用公钥）
     */
    public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String keyString, String sign)
            throws Exception {
        Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = RSAUtil.generateKeyAndFactory(keyString, true);
        Key key = RSAUtil.getKey(keyAndFactoryMap);
        
        PublicKey publicKey = (PublicKey)key;

        // 取公钥匙对象
        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
        signature.initVerify(publicKey);
        signature.update(data);

        // 验证签名是否正常
        return signature.verify(Base64Util.decryptBASE64(sign));
    }

}

View Code

import static org.junit.Assert.*;

import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.util.Map;

public class HowToUse {
    private String publicKey = null;
    private String privateKey = null;

    @Before
    public void setUp() throws Exception {
        Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSAUtil.initKey();
        publicKey = RSAUtil.getPublicKey(keyMap);
        privateKey = RSAUtil.getPrivateKey(keyMap);
        
        System.out.println("公钥 -> " + publicKey);
        System.out.println("私钥 -> " + privateKey);
    }
    
    @Test
    public void test() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("公钥加密，私钥解密");
        String sourceString = "hi, RSA";

        byte[] encodedData = RSAUtil.encrypt(sourceString.getBytes(), publicKey, true);
        byte[] decodedData = RSAUtil.decrypt(encodedData, privateKey, false);

        String targetString = new String(decodedData);
        System.out.println("加密前: " + sourceString + "，解密后: " + targetString);
        assertEquals(sourceString, targetString);
    }

    @Test
    public void test2() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("私钥签名，公钥验证签名");
        String sourceString = "hello, RSA sign";
        byte[] data = sourceString.getBytes();
        
        // 产生签名
        String sign = RSAUtil.sign(data, privateKey);
        System.out.println("签名 -> " + sign);

        // 验证签名
        boolean status = RSAUtil.verify(data, publicKey, sign);
        System.out.println("状态 -> " + status);
        assertTrue(status);
    }
    
    @Test
    public void test3() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("私钥加密，公钥解密");
        String sourceString = "hello, reRSA";
        byte[] data = sourceString.getBytes();

        byte[] encodedData = RSAUtil.encrypt(data, privateKey, false);
        byte[] decodedData = RSAUtil.decrypt(encodedData, publicKey, true);

        String targetString = new String(decodedData);
        System.out.println("加密前: " + sourceString + "，解密后: " + targetString);
        assertEquals(sourceString, targetString);
    }
    
}

View Code