从零开始学Kotlin-泛型(8)

从零开始学Kotlin基础篇系列文章

与 Java 一样,Kotlin 也提供泛型,为类型安全提供保证,消除类型强转的烦恼。

泛型类的基本使用

  • 泛型,即 “参数化类型”,将类型参数化,可以用在类,接口,方法上
    class DemoClass<T>(date: T) {//date是任意类型的,避免强转
        var todayDate=date
    }
  • 创建类的实例时我们需要指定类型参数
    //指定泛型date为String,三种创建方法
    val demo1: DemoClass<String> = DemoClass<String>("2018-01-27")
    val demo2: DemoClass<String> = DemoClass("2018-01-27")
    val demo3 = DemoClass("2018-01-27")
    //指定泛型date为Int,三种创建方法
    val demo1: DemoClass<Int> = DemoClass<Int>(20180127)
    val demo2: DemoClass<Int> = DemoClass(20180127)
    val demo3 = DemoClass(20180127)

泛型方法的基本使用

  • Kotlin 泛型函数的声明与 Java 相同,类型参数要放在函数名的前面:
    fun <T> showMsg(msg: T) {
    }
  • 在调用泛型函数时,如果可以推断出类型参数,可以省略泛型参数
    val msg = showMsg("泛型的使用")
    val msg1 = showMsg(200)
    val msg2 = showMsg<String>("指定返回类型")
  • 泛型结合when控制语句实例
    fun <T> showPrint(printMsg: T) {
        when (printMsg) {
            is Int -> println("printMsg是Int类型:$printMsg")
            is String -> println("printMsg是String类型:$printMsg")
            else -> println("printMsg类型不是Int也不是String:$printMsg")
        }
    }

    fun main() {
        showMsg(100)
        showMsg("2017-01-27")
        showMsg(true)
    }

泛型约束

  • 对于给定的参数, 所允许使用的类型, 可以通过泛型约束(generic constraint) 来限制。冒号之后指定的类型就是类型参数的上界(upper bound), 对于类型参数 T , 只允许使用 Comparable<T>的子类型
    fun <T : Comparable<T>> sort(list: List<T>) {//上界约束
    }

    fun main() {
        sort(listOf(1, 2, 3))//正确
        sort(listOf("1", "2", "3"))//正确
        sort(listOf(HashMap<Int,String>))//错误, HashMap<Int, String> 不是 Comparable<HashMap<Int, String>> 的子类型
    }
  • 默认的上界是 Any?,对于多个上界约束条件,可以用 where 子句:
    //多个约束,T有多个上限 , where T:类型,T:类型
    fun <T> getBetterBig(list: Array<T>, threhold: T): List<T> where T : Number, T : Comparable<T> {
        return list.filter { it >= threhold }.sorted()
    }

泛型协变

  • Kotlin 中没有通配符类型,它有两个其他的东西:声明处型变(declaration-site variance)与类型投影(type projections)。
  • 声明处的类型变异使用协变注解修饰符:in、out,消费者 in, 生产者 out。
  • out 修饰符;这里比较难理解,先举一个例子
    //创建两个类,继承关系
    open class Person(name: String)
    open class Student(name: String) : Person("PersonA")
    class Teacher(name: String) : Student("StudentA")

    fun main() {
        var person = Person("PersonA")
        var personList: ArrayList<Person> = arrayListOf(person)

        var student = Student("StudentA")
        var studentList: ArrayList<Student> = arrayListOf(student)

        var teacher = Teacher("TeacherA")
        var teacherList: ArrayList<Teacher> = arrayListOf(teacher)

        for (name in personList.withIndex()) {
            println("name is $name")//输出:name is PersonA
        }

        for (name in studentList.withIndex()) {
            println("name is $name")//输出:name is StudentA
        }
        for (name in teacherList.withIndex()) {
            println("name is $name")//输出:name is TeacherA
        }

        person = student//正确,因为 Student 是 Person 的子类
        /*
        编译报错,类型不匹配:Required ArrayList<Person> Found ArrayList<Student>
        这是因为,虽然 Student 是 Person 的子类,但是 ArrayList<Student> 并不是 ArrayList<Person> 的子类
         */
        personList = studentList//错误
    }
  • 对于上面的编译错误可以使用 协变注解修饰符 out 进行类型修饰。 协变类型参数 out 相当于java中的ArrayList<? extends C>;协变类型参数只能用作输出,可以作为返回值类型,但是无法作为入参的类型
    fun main() {
        var person = Person("PersonA")
        var personList: ArrayList<out Person> = arrayListOf(person)//使用 out 修饰符,限定类型上限

        var student = Student("StudentA")
        var studentList: ArrayList<Student> = arrayListOf(student)

        personList = studentList//编译正确,这是因为 ArrayList<out Person> 限定了子类的上限为 Person

        for (name in personList.withIndex()) {
            println("name is $name")//输出:name is StudentA
        }
    }
  • in 修饰符,同样先看一个例子
    fun main() {
        var person = Person("PersonA")
        var personList: ArrayList<Person> = arrayListOf(person)

        var student = Student("StudentA")
        var studentList: ArrayList<Student> = arrayListOf(student)

        var teacher = Teacher("TeacherA")
        var teacherList: ArrayList<Teacher> = arrayListOf(teacher)

        /*
        以下两种均报类型不匹配错误,
         */
        teacherList = personList//Required ArrayList<Teacher> Found ArrayList<Person>
        teacherList = studentList//Required ArrayList<Teacher> Found ArrayList<Student>
    }
  • 对于上面的编译错误可以使用 协变注解修饰符 in 进行类型修饰。<in Class> 相当于 Java 中的 ArrayList<? super Class> ;in 修饰符使得一个类型参数逆变,逆变类型参数只能用作输入,可以作为入参的类型,但是无法作为返回值的类型;
    fun main3() {
        val person = Person("PersonA")
        val personList: ArrayList<Person> = arrayListOf(person)

        val student = Student("StudentA")
        val studentList: ArrayList<Student> = arrayListOf(student)

        val teacher = Teacher("TeacherA")
        var teacherList: ArrayList<in Teacher> = arrayListOf(teacher)// <in Teacher> 就是允许 Teacher 的超类类型下限为 Teacher

        for (name in teacherList.withIndex()) {
            println("name is $name")//输出:name is TeacherA
        }

        teacherList = personList
        for (name in teacherList.withIndex()) {
            println("name is $name")//输出:name is PersonA
        }

        teacherList = studentList
        for (name in teacherList.withIndex()) {
            println("name is $name")//输出:name is StudentA
        }
    }
  • 再来理解消费者 in 只能用作输入和 生产者 out 只能用作输出的概念:

不使用 in 和 out 修饰时

     open class Person(name: String) {
            var myName = "Siberiadante"
        }
     class Student(name: String) : Person("PersonA")

    fun main() {
        val person = Person("PersonA")
        var personList: ArrayList<Person> = arrayListOf(person)

        val student = Student("StudentA")
        var studentList: ArrayList<Student> = arrayListOf(student)

        personList.add(student)//set 设置值,编译通过
        personList[0].myName// get 取值,编译通过
    }

作为 < out T>的类型,由于所有类型均为T的下限,无法得知其确定的类型,所以不能使用 set 方法,只能 get

    fun main() {
        val person = Person("PersonA")
        var personList: ArrayList<out Person> = arrayListOf(person)

        val student = Student("StudentA")
        var studentList: ArrayList<Student> = arrayListOf(student)
        /*
        prohibits(禁止) use of public open fun add(element:E) !
         */
        personList.add(student)// set 设置值,编译不通过
        personList[0].myName// get 取值,编译通过
    }

作为 < in T>的类型

    fun main() {
        val person = Person("PersonA")
        var personList: ArrayList<in Person> = arrayListOf(person)

        val student = Student("StudentA")
        var studentList: ArrayList<Student> = arrayListOf(student)

        personList.add(student)//set 设置值,编译通过
        /*
        Unresolved reference : name,
         */
        personList[0].myName// get 取值,编译不通过
    }

星投射

  • 在我们不知道类型参数的任何信息的情况下, 仍然希望能够安全地使用它时,就可以使用类型投射
    var list:ArrayList<*> = arrayListOf(100)
    fun main() {
        val person = Person("PersonA")

        val student = Student("StudentA")
        val studentList: ArrayList<Student> = arrayListOf(student)

        /*
        相当于  var personList: ArrayList<out Person> = studentList
         */
        var personList: ArrayList<*> = studentList
    }
    fun main9() {
        val person = Person("PersonA")
        val personList: ArrayList< Person> =arrayListOf(person)

        val student = Student("StudentA")

        /*
        相当于 val studentList:ArrayList<in Student> =personList
         */
        val studentList:ArrayList<*> =personList
    }
    原文作者:SiberianDante
    原文地址: https://www.jianshu.com/p/06af307f81f4
    本文转自网络文章,转载此文章仅为分享知识,如有侵权,请联系博主进行删除。
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