场景
Retrofit + Okhttp3 是现在开发标配的网络请求框架
Okhttp3 负责底层请求逻辑
Retrofit 负责上层请求外观,以接口方法定义的形式去直观表现
分析带问题
1.如何将接口外观(包括参数,注解)转换为Ok3的请求
2.如何将Ok3的响应,解析为接口定义的返回,以及目标业务数据类型
3.核心类,CallAdapter, Converter的职责和意义
场景设定
下面,是一个retrofit的请求定义:
@POST("/uoms/servlet/dispatch")
Observable<BaseResponse> dispatch(@Field String workNo);
@POST("/uoms/servlet/dispatchBatch")
Call<BaseResponse> dispatchBatch(@Body ApiRequest request);
可以看到,将繁杂、多变的请求,变换为了注解+方法参数,返回参数的形式,非常直观,明了,根据上面的定义,我们探寻一下调用过程和设计逻辑。
解析接口
a) 我们先关注,最核心的类,所有业务的起点 Retrofit:
public final class Retrofit {
private final Map<Method, ServiceMethod<?, ?>> serviceMethodCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();//这是一个方法的完整解析后的对象
final okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory;//OkhttpClient的引用
final HttpUrl baseUrl;//请求的基础
final List<Converter.Factory> converterFactories;
final List<CallAdapter.Factory> callAdapterFactories;
...
}
划重点,这3个类代表了整个解析的核心:
ServiceMethod:
单个接口方法的逻辑抽象,为了加快调用速度,Retrofit对它做了缓存
Converter 和 Converter.Factory:
用于数据类型解析转换,包括将参数解析为RequestBody以及将ResponseBody的数据解析为我们需要的类型
CallAdapter 和 CallAdapter.Factory:
用于生成返回外观,默认是Retrofit的Call<?>,如果用了RxJava2Adapter库,返回形式可以变换到RxJava2的Obserable<?>形式
我们每次调用的时候,都是调用如下方法:
public <T> T create(final Class<T> service) {
...
return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(service.getClassLoader(), new Class<?>[] { service },
new InvocationHandler() {
...
@Override public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, @Nullable Object[] args)
throws Throwable {
// If the method is a method from Object then defer to normal invocation.
...
ServiceMethod<Object, Object> serviceMethod =
(ServiceMethod<Object, Object>) loadServiceMethod(method);
OkHttpCall<Object> okHttpCall = new OkHttpCall<>(serviceMethod, args);
return serviceMethod.adapt(okHttpCall);
}
});
}
代码逻辑很简单:
1.Retrofit巧用动态代理模式,拦截方法调用,获取到Method签名,参数Argus,然后从Cache里面查找Method代表的 ServiceMethod,如果没有,通过Method 生成一个ServiceMethod,并加入到Cache,方便下次调用
2.整个调用逻辑,都封成了OkHttpCall,OkHttpCall通过ServiceMethod,Argus,完成请求
3.最后调用serviceMethod.adapt(),返回,这里实际调用的就是CallAdapter.Factory去转换为我们想要的Call<?>或者Obserable<?>,后面分析
b)ServiceMethod
ServiceMethod是所有调用的核心,包括怎么解析参数注解,怎么解析方法注解,包括返回形式是怎么返回,需要重点分析:
ServiceMethod<?, ?> loadServiceMethod(Method method) {
...
synchronized (serviceMethodCache) {
result = serviceMethodCache.get(method);
if (result == null) {
result = new ServiceMethod.Builder<>(this, method).build();
serviceMethodCache.put(method, result);
}
}
return result;
}
可以看到ServiceMethod的构建很简单,传入Method,然后调用ServiceMethod的Build构造函数:
Builder(Retrofit retrofit, Method method) {
this.retrofit = retrofit;
this.method = method;
this.methodAnnotations = method.getAnnotations();
this.parameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();
this.parameterAnnotationsArray = method.getParameterAnnotations();
}
在构造函数中,ServiceMethod已经拿到了方法的注解详细信息,方法的参数注解信息,方法的参数类型信息,后面都是围绕这些数据展开处理。
然后我们再看ServiceMethod.Bulder.build()方法:
public ServiceMethod build() {
callAdapter = createCallAdapter();//查找CallAdapter
responseType = callAdapter.responseType();//获取返回参数类型,这里实际是Call<?>或者Observable<?>里面的泛型类型
...
responseConverter = createResponseConverter();// 通过ResponseType去Retrofit反查可以解析当前ResponseType的Converter
for (Annotation annotation : methodAnnotations) {
parseMethodAnnotation(annotation);//解析方法注解参数,例如POST,HEAD之类
}
...省略各种请求合法性判定代码...
int parameterCount = parameterAnnotationsArray.length;
parameterHandlers = new ParameterHandler<?>[parameterCount];
for (int p = 0; p < parameterCount; p++) {
Type parameterType = parameterTypes[p];
...省略参数类型合法性判定代码...
Annotation[] parameterAnnotations = parameterAnnotationsArray[p];
...
//获取到对应参数类型的解析器,并保存到parameterHandlers数组里面,稍后解析真实请求的时候用到
parameterHandlers[p] = parseParameter(p, parameterType, parameterAnnotations);
}
...省略各种请求合法性判定代码...
return new ServiceMethod<>(this);
}
所以我们可以到,上面的解析流程:
解析返回参数,查找到对应的CallAdapter,保存 ->
解析方法注解,并保存相关请求信息 ->
解析方法参数注解,查找对应的ParameterHandler并保存 ->
完成返回 ServiceMethod实例
所以我们可以知道,ServiceMethod对象的构建完成,已经确定了方法参数调用怎么解析,请求返回怎么解析,剩下就是执行真实的请求了
c) ServiceMethod.callAdapter的作用和来源
CallAdapter接口源码如下:
public interface CallAdapter<R, T> {
//返回实际的返回参数类型,Call<Repo> 这里的Type就是Repo.class
Type responseType();
//适配功能,返回Call<R>结果的包装器
T adapt(Call<R> call);
//抽象工程定义
abstract class Factory {
//能否处理,通过这个方法来判定,有效处理会返回CallAdapter实例,否则为NULL
public abstract @Nullable CallAdapter<?, ?> get(Type returnType, Annotation[] annotations,
Retrofit retrofit);
...
}
}
CallAdapter,主要2个方法,一个提供返回值的确切类型,一个是将Call<R>转换为其他形式的包装器,比如返回 Observable<R>
CallAdapter.Factory,抽象工程,get返回Null代表该Factory处理不了该returnType
我们可以看到之前的Retrofit.create():
OkHttpCall<Object> okHttpCall = new OkHttpCall<>(serviceMethod, args);
return serviceMethod.adapt(okHttpCall);
这实际调用就是
return serviceMethod.callAdapter.adapt(okHttpCall);
始终处理对象,都是OkHttpCall类型
CallAdapter负责转换返回值形式,基于Call<?>,转换为我们想要的形式,我们看看这个serviceMethod.callAdapter怎么来的
查看ServiceMethod的createCallAdapter():
private CallAdapter<T, R> createCallAdapter() {
Type returnType = method.getGenericReturnType();//拿到方法的返回类型
...
Annotation[] annotations = method.getAnnotations();
try {
return (CallAdapter<T, R>) retrofit.callAdapter(returnType, annotations);
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
...
}
}
我们再看看Retrofit的callAdapter():
public CallAdapter<?, ?> callAdapter(Type returnType, Annotation[] annotations) {
return nextCallAdapter(null, returnType, annotations);
}
public CallAdapter<?, ?> nextCallAdapter(@Nullable CallAdapter.Factory skipPast, Type returnType,
Annotation[] annotations) {
...
int start = callAdapterFactories.indexOf(skipPast) + 1;
for (int i = start, count = callAdapterFactories.size(); i < count; i++) {
CallAdapter<?, ?> adapter = callAdapterFactories.get(i).get(returnType,annotations, this);
if (adapter != null) {
return adapter;
}
}
...注意:如果上面代码没有查找到合适的CallAdapter,一定抛出异常...
}
可以知道,Retrofit通过ServiceMethod提供的returnType, annotations,循环遍历callAdapterFactories,来获取可以处理该returnType的CallAdapter实例,在Retrofit.build()时候,默认加入了CallAdapter.Factory的默认实现DefaultCallAdapterFactory :
final class DefaultCallAdapterFactory extends CallAdapter.Factory {
...
@Override
public CallAdapter<?, ?> get(Type returnType, Annotation[] annotations, Retrofit retrofit) {
...
final Type responseType = Utils.getCallResponseType(returnType);
return new CallAdapter<Object, Call<?>>() {
@Override public Type responseType() {
return responseType;
}
@Override public Call<Object> adapt(Call<Object> call) {
return call;
}
};
}
}
所以默认,我们就可以定义返回接口为 Call<?>类型
到此,CallAdapter的作用和来源分析完毕
d) Converter 和 Converter.Factory 作用意义
Converter,源码定义:
public interface Converter<F, T> {//将 F类型的数据,转换为 T类型
T convert(F value) throws IOException;
...
}
Converter.Factory源码定义:
public interface Converter<F, T> {
...
abstract class Factory {
public @Nullable Converter<ResponseBody, ?> responseBodyConverter(Type type,
Annotation[] annotations, Retrofit retrofit) {
return null;
}
public @Nullable Converter<?, RequestBody> requestBodyConverter(Type type,
Annotation[] parameterAnnotations, Annotation[] methodAnnotations, Retrofit retrofit) {
return null;
}
public @Nullable Converter<?, String> stringConverter(Type type, Annotation[] annotations,
Retrofit retrofit) {
return null;
}
...
}
}
与CallAdapter.Factory类似,Converter.Factory可以处理某类型的数据,则返回有效的Converter实例,否则就返回null
Converter.Factory.requestBodyConverter();负责将对应类型参数数据,转换为RequestBody,这个方法在拼装请求的时候,大量用到
Converter.Factory.responseBodyConverter();负责将ResponseBody的数据,转换为对应需要的类型
stringConverter();负责将对应类型数据,转换为String形式
ConverterFactory负责生产3类Converter,一个是将参数转变为RequestBody形式的,请求装配Converter,一个是将ResponseBody解析为方法定义的返回值(这个是指的Call<T>里面的T类型),一个是将方法参数形式转换为字符串
e) Converter使用:ParameterHandler
上面介绍了Converter作用,我们先看看最多使用的地方。
ParameterHandler,对参数注解进行解析,先看定义:
abstract class ParameterHandler<T> {
abstract void apply(RequestBuilder builder, @Nullable T value) throws IOException;
...解析参数,加入进ReuqestBuilder
}
注:RequestBuilder是Retrofit对构建Ok3的Request逻辑封装
这里可以看出,ParameterHandler负责将参数合理的装配进入RequestBuilder
它的实现类,我们应该很眼熟:
ParameterHandler.Query
ParameterHandler.Header
ParameterHandler.Path
...
这些就是具体这些注解内容,将以什么形式去apply到RequestBuilder里面,以
ParameterHandler.Query举例:
static final class Query<T> extends ParameterHandler<T> {
private final String name;
private final Converter<T, String> valueConverter;
private final boolean encoded;
Query(String name, Converter<T, String> valueConverter, boolean encoded) {
this.name = checkNotNull(name, "name == null");
this.valueConverter = valueConverter;
this.encoded = encoded;
}
@Override void apply(RequestBuilder builder, @Nullable T value) throws IOException {
if (value == null) return; // Skip null values.
String queryValue = valueConverter.convert(value);
if (queryValue == null) return; // Skip converted but null values
builder.addQueryParam(name, queryValue, encoded);
}
}
很简单,就是用Converter去转换T类型的参数为字符串,然后拼接进入RequestBuilder,我们再回到ServiceMethod.Build.build()方法,解析方法注解:
int parameterCount = parameterAnnotationsArray.length;
parameterHandlers = new ParameterHandler<?>[parameterCount];
for (int p = 0; p < parameterCount; p++) {
Type parameterType = parameterTypes[p];
...
Annotation[] parameterAnnotations = parameterAnnotationsArray[p];
...
parameterHandlers[p] = parseParameter(p, parameterType, parameterAnnotations);
}
再看ServiceMethod.parseParameter(),最终调用的ServiceMethod.parseParameterAnnotation()
private ParameterHandler<?> parseParameterAnnotation(
int p, Type type, Annotation[] annotations, Annotation annotation) {
if (annotation instanceof Url) {
...
} else if (annotation instanceof Path) {
...
} else if (annotation instanceof Query) {
Query query = (Query) annotation;
String name = query.value();
boolean encoded = query.encoded();
Class<?> rawParameterType = Utils.getRawType(type);
gotQuery = true;
ParameterizedType parameterizedType = (ParameterizedType) type;
Type iterableType = Utils.getParameterUpperBound(0, parameterizedType);
Converter<?, String> converter =
retrofit.stringConverter(iterableType, annotations);
return new ParameterHandler.Query<>(name, converter, encoded).iterable();
}else{
...
}
...
}
流程:
判定注解类型 -> 是Query -> 去Retrofit查找合适的Converter -> 拿到Converter,生成 ParameterHandler.Query实例,保存进入ServiceMethod的数组里面,等待解析真实请求的时候调用。
我们再去跟踪Retrofit.stringConverter()方法:
public <T> Converter<T, String> stringConverter(Type type, Annotation[] annotations) {
...
for (int i = 0, count = converterFactories.size(); i < count; i++) {
Converter<?, String> converter = converterFactories.get(i).stringConverter(type, annotations, this);
if (converter != null) {
return (Converter<T, String>) converter;
}
}
...
return (Converter<T, String>) BuiltInConverters.ToStringConverter.INSTANCE;
}
最终返回的是默认实现,ToStringConverter.INSTANCE,它也是简单调用toString()方法而已。
至此,方法的参数解析也完毕了,
我们得到了一个ServiceMethod实例,它包含了:
1.请求地址、类型、头部信息
2.包含了正确解析参数的ParameterHandler数组
3.包含了正确解析响应类型的responseConverter
4.包含了方法的返回适配器callAdapter
发送请求
a)了解Retrofit.Call
Retrofit抽象出了自己的Call逻辑,一个可以操作的请求对象:
//请求过程抽象
public interface Call<T> extends Cloneable {
//返回有效的Response
Response<T> execute() throws IOException;
//异步请求
void enqueue(Callback<T> callback);
boolean isExecuted();
//主动取消请求
void cancel();
/** True if {@link #cancel()} was called. */
boolean isCanceled();
Call<T> clone();
//转换出原始的Ok3请求
Request request();
}
//异步回调
public interface Callback<T> {
void onResponse(Call<T> call, Response<T> response);
void onFailure(Call<T> call, Throwable t);
}
//Retrofit返回结果封装
public final class Response<T> {
...
private final okhttp3.Response rawResponse;
private final @Nullable T body;
private final @Nullable ResponseBody errorBody;
...
/** The raw response from the HTTP client. */
public okhttp3.Response raw() {
return rawResponse;
}
/** HTTP status code. */
public int code() {
return rawResponse.code();
}
/** HTTP status message or null if unknown. */
public String message() {
return rawResponse.message();
}
/** HTTP headers. */
public Headers headers() {
return rawResponse.headers();
}
/** Returns true if {@link #code()} is in the range [200..300). */
public boolean isSuccessful() {
return rawResponse.isSuccessful();
}
/** The deserialized response body of a {@linkplain #isSuccessful() successful} response. */
public @Nullable T body() {
return body;
}
...
}
Retrofit,封装了完整的Call, Callback, Response,对底层Ok3做进一步透明化
我们再看Call具体实现OkhttpCall具体执行调用:
@Override
public Response<T> execute() throws IOException {
okhttp3.Call call;
...
call = rawCall = createRawCall();
...
return parseResponse(call.execute());
}
@Override
public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {
...
okhttp3.Call call;
synchronized (this) {
...
if (call == null && failure == null) {
try {
call = rawCall = createRawCall();
} catch (Throwable t) {
...
}
}
}
...
call.enqueue(new okhttp3.Callback() {
@Override
public void onResponse(okhttp3.Call call, okhttp3.Response rawResponse) {
Response<T> response;
...
response = parseResponse(rawResponse);
...
callback.onResponse(OkHttpCall.this, response);
...
}
...
});
}
private okhttp3.Call createRawCall() throws IOException {
okhttp3.Call call = serviceMethod.toCall(args);//这里负责转换
if (call == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("Call.Factory returned null.");
}
return call;
}
Response<T> parseResponse(okhttp3.Response rawResponse) throws IOException {
ResponseBody rawBody = rawResponse.body();
...
ExceptionCatchingRequestBody catchingBody = new ExceptionCatchingRequestBody(rawBody);
try {
T body = serviceMethod.toResponse(catchingBody);//这里负责转换
return Response.success(body, rawResponse);
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
...
}
}
这里我只列出了核心代码,可以看出,最终都是调用都是ServiceMethod.toCall()方法生成请求,跟踪toCall()源码:
okhttp3.Call toCall(@Nullable Object... args) throws IOException {
RequestBuilder requestBuilder = new RequestBuilder(httpMethod, baseUrl, relativeUrl, headers,
contentType, hasBody, isFormEncoded, isMultipart);
...
ParameterHandler<Object>[] handlers = (ParameterHandler<Object>[]) parameterHandlers;
...
for (int p = 0; p < argumentCount; p++) {
handlers[p].apply(requestBuilder, args[p]);
}
return callFactory.newCall(requestBuilder.build());
}
终于用到我们上面分析保存的信息了,ServiceMethod的相关属性,ParameterHandler数组,生成RequestBuilder,再构建出Ok3的Request,生成Ok3的Call。
注: 这里callFactory指的是OkHttpClient
然后收到响应的适合,都调用ServiceMethod.toResponse():
R toResponse(ResponseBody body) throws IOException {
return responseConverter.convert(body);
}
serviceMethod.responseConverter在这里解析响应结果类型
到此,整个请求调用过程,跟踪完毕
总结流程
CallAdapter,转换响应形式,默认是Call<T>,有兴趣的再去看看RxJava2Adapter下面的几个类
Converter,转换参数类型,Converter.Factory转换参数到RequestBody,ResponseBody到参数
1.生成ServiceMethod,解析了方法注解,保存了核心的请求属性,头部,其次是ParameterHandler数组用于解析方法参数值、类型,方法参数的注解
2.生成OkhttpCall,内部调用ServiceMethod拼装请求 和 解析响应
3.请求的生成靠 ServiceMethod.toRequest() 响应解析靠ServiceMethod.toResponse(),实际都是依赖第一步的解析保存的信息
其他
我们可以自己基于现有的RxJava2Adapter, GsonConvertFactory,重写CallAdapter,Converter,以达到我们的目标,比如:统一处理请求错误,统一处理额外业务数据(resultCode, resultMessage之类的)