作者：孙伟
1、进程/线程/协程基本概念
- 一个进程可以有多个线程，一般情况下固定2MB内存块来做栈，用来保存当前被调用/挂起的函数内部的变量，CPU在执行调度的时候切换的是线程，如果下一个线程也是当前进程的，就只有线程切换，“很快”就能完成；如果下一个线程不是当前的进程，就需要切换进程，这就得费点时间了。
- 线程分为内核态线程和用户态线程，用户态线程需要绑定内核态线程，CPU并不能感知用户态线程的存在，它只知道它在运行1个线程，这个线程实际是内核态线程。
- 用户态线程实际有个名字叫协程（co-routine），为了容易区分，我们使用协程指用户态线程，使用线程指内核态线程。
- 协程跟线程是有区别的，线程由CPU调度是抢占式的，协程由用户态调度是协作式的，一个协程让出CPU后，才执行下一个协程。
协程和线程绑定关系有以下3种：
- N:1，N个协程绑定1个线程，优点就是协程在用户态线程即完成切换，不会陷入到内核态，这种切换非常的轻量快速。但也有很大的缺点，1个进程的所有协程都绑定在1个线程上，一是某个程序用不了硬件的多核加速能力，二是一旦某协程阻塞，造成线程阻塞，本进程的其他协程都无法执行了，根本就没有并发的能力了。
- 1:1，1个协程绑定1个线程，这种最容易实现。协程的调度都由CPU完成了，不存在N:1缺点，但有一个缺点是协程的创建、删除和切换的代价都由CPU完成，有点略显昂贵了。
- M:N，M个协程绑定N个线程，是N:1和1:1类型的结合，克服了以上2种模型的缺点，但实现起来最为复杂。
2、Golang简介
2.1 Goroutine 概念
因为线程切换需要很大的上下文，这种切换消耗了大量CPU时间，所以Go的并行单元并不是传统意义上的线程，而是采用更轻量的协程（goroutine）来处理，大大提高了并行度，因此Go被称为“最并行的语言”。
2.2与其他并发模型的对比
- Python等解释性语言采用的是多进程并发模型，进程的上下文是最大的，所以切换耗费巨大，同时由于多进程通信只能用socket通讯，或者专门设置共享内存，给编程带来了极大的困扰与不便；
- C++等语言通常会采用多线程并发模型，相比进程，线程的上下文要小很多，而且多个线程之间本来就是共享内存的，所以编程相比要轻松很多。但是线程的启动和销毁，切换依然要耗费大量CPU时间；于是出现了线程池技术，将线程先储存起来，保持一定的数量，来避免频繁开启/关闭线程的时间消耗，但是这种初级的技术存在一些问题，比如有线程一直被IO阻塞，这样的话这个线程一直占据着坑位，导致后面的任务排不到队，拿不到线程来执行；
- Go的并发较为复杂，Go采用了更轻量的数据结构来代替线程，这种数据结构相比线程更轻量，他有自己的栈，切换起来更快。然而真正执行并发的还是线程，Go通过调度器将goroutine调度到线程中执行，并适时地释放和创建新的线程，并且当一个正在运行的goroutine进入阻塞（常见场景就是等待IO）时，将其脱离占用的线程，将其他准备好运行的goroutine放在该线程上执行。通过较为复杂的调度手段，使得整个系统获得极高的并行度同时又不耗费大量的CPU资源。
2.3 Goroutine的特点
- 非阻塞。Goroutine的引入是为了方便高并发程序的编写。一个Goroutine在进行阻塞操作（比如系统调用）时，会把当前线程中的其他Goroutine移交到其他线程中继续执行，从而避免了整个程序的阻塞。
- 调度器。虽然Golang引入了垃圾回收（gc），在执行gc时就要求Goroutine是停止的，但Go通过自己实现调度器，也可以方便的实现该功能。 通过多个Goroutine来实现并发程序，既有异步IO的优势，又具有多线程、多进程编写程序的便利性。
- 自己维护堆栈。当然引入Goroutine，也意味着引入了极大的复杂性。一个Goroutine既要包含要执行的代码，又要包含用于执行该代码的栈、PC（PC值=当前程序执行位置+8）和SP指针。堆栈指针需要保证各种模式下程序完成性。
既然每个Goroutine都有自己的栈，那么在创建Goroutine时，就要同时创建对应的栈。Goroutine在执行时，栈空间会不停增长。栈通常是连续增长的，由于每个进程中的各个线程共享虚拟内存空间，当有多个线程时，就需要为每个线程分配不同起始地址的栈。这就需要在分配栈之前先预估每个线程栈的大小。如果线程数量非常多，就很容易栈溢出。
为了解决这个问题，就有了Split Stacks 技术：创建栈时，只分配一块比较小的内存，如果进行某次函数调用导致栈空间不足时，就会在其他地方分配一块新的栈空间。新的空间不需要和老的栈空间连续。函数调用的参数会拷贝到新的栈空间中，接下来的函数执行都在新栈空间中进行。Golang的栈管理方式与此类似，但是为了更高的效率，使用了连续栈（ Golang连续栈） 实现方式也是先分配一块固定大小的栈，在栈空间不足时，分配一块更大的栈，并把旧的栈全部拷贝到新栈中。这样避免了Split Stacks方法可能导致的频繁内存分配和释放。
Goroutine的执行是可以被抢占的。如果一个Goroutine一直占用CPU，长时间没有被调度过，就会被runtime抢占掉，把CPU时间交给其他Goroutine。 这个可以通过 debug/goroutine 阻塞实现。
2.4 结构体
- M：指go中的工作者线程，是真正执行代码的单元；
- P：是一种调度goroutine的上下文，goroutine依赖于P进行调度，P是真正的并行单元；
- G：即goroutine，是go语言中的一段代码（以一个函数的形式展现），最小的并行单元；
P必须绑定在M上才能运行，M必须绑定了P才能运行，而一般情况下，最多有MAXPROCS（通常等于CPU数量）个P，但是可能有很多个M，真正运行的只有绑定了M的P，所以P是真正的并行单元。
每个P有一个自己的runnableG队列，可以从里面拿出一个G来运行，同时也有一个全局的runnable G队列，G通过P依附在M上面执行。不单独使用全局的runnable G队列的原因是，分布式的队列有利于减小临界区大小，想一想多个线程同时请求可用的G的时候，如果只有全局的资源，那么这个全局的锁会导致多少线程一直在等待。
但是如果一个正在执行的G进入了阻塞，典型的例子就是等待IO，那么他和它所在的M会在那边等待，而上下文P会传递到其他可用的M上面，这样这个阻塞就不会影响程序的并行度。
G结构体
type g struct {
// Stack parameters.
// stack describes the actual stack memory: [stack.lo, stack.hi).
// stackguard0 is the stack pointer compared in the Go stack growth prologue.
// It is stack.lo+StackGuard normally, but can be StackPreempt to trigger a preemption.
// stackguard1 is the stack pointer compared in the C stack growth prologue.
// It is stack.lo+StackGuard on g0 and gsignal stacks.
// It is ~0 on other goroutine stacks, to trigger a call to morestackc (and crash).
stack stack // offset known to runtime/cgo //描述了真实的栈内存,包括上下界、
stackguard0 uintptr // offset known to liblink
stackguard1 uintptr // offset known to liblink
_panic *_panic // innermost panic - offset known to liblink
_defer *_defer // innermost defer
m *m // current m; offset known to arm liblink //当前的M
sched gobuf //goroutine切换时,用于保存g的上下文
syscallsp uintptr // if status==Gsyscall, syscallsp = sched.sp to use during gc
syscallpc uintptr // if status==Gsyscall, syscallpc = sched.pc to use during gc
stktopsp uintptr // expected sp at top of stack, to check in traceback
param unsafe.Pointer // passed parameter on wakeup 用于传递参数,睡眠时 其他goroutine可以设置param,唤醒时该goroutine可以获取
atomicstatus uint32
stackLock uint32 // sigprof/scang lock; TODO: fold in to atomicstatus
goid int64 //goroutine 的ID
waitsince int64 // approx time when the g become blocked g被阻塞的 大概时间
waitreason string // if status==Gwaiting
schedlink guintptr
preempt bool // preemption signal, duplicates stackguard0 = stackpreempt
paniconfault bool // panic (instead of crash) on unexpected fault address
preemptscan bool // preempted g does scan for gc
gcscandone bool // g has scanned stack; protected by _Gscan bit in status
gcscanvalid bool // false at start of gc cycle, true if G has not run since last scan; TODO: remove?
throwsplit bool // must not split stack
raceignore int8 // ignore race detection events
sysblocktraced bool // StartTrace has emitted EvGoInSyscall about this goroutine
sysexitticks int64 // cputicks when syscall has returned (for tracing)
traceseq uint64 // trace event sequencer
tracelastp puintptr // last P emitted an event for this goroutine
lockedm muintptr //G被锁定只能在这个M运行
sig uint32
writebuf []byte
sigcode0 uintptr
sigcode1 uintptr
sigpc uintptr
gopc uintptr // pc of go statement that created this goroutine
startpc uintptr // pc of goroutine function
racectx uintptr
waiting *sudog // sudog structures this g is waiting on (that have a valid elem ptr); in lock order
cgoCtxt []uintptr // cgo traceback context
labels unsafe.Pointer // profiler labels
timer *timer // cached timer for time.Sleep
selectDone uint32 // are we participating in a select and did someone win the race?
// Per-G GC state
// gcAssistBytes is this G's GC assist credit in terms of
// bytes allocated. If this is positive, then the G has credit
// to allocate gcAssistBytes bytes without assisting. If this
// is negative, then the G must correct this by performing
// scan work. We track this in bytes to make it fast to update
// and check for debt in the malloc hot path. The assist ratio
// determines how this corresponds to scan work debt.
gcAssistBytes int64
}Gobuf结构体
type gobuf struct {
sp uintptr
pc uintptr
g guintptr
ctxt unsafe.Pointer
ret sys.Uintreg
lr uintptr
bp uintptr // for GOEXPERIMENT=framepointer
}其中最主要的当然是sched了，保存了goroutine的上下文。goroutine切换的时候不同于线程有OS来负责这部分数据，而是由一个gobuf对象来保存，这样能够更加轻量级，再来看看gobuf的结构
M结构体
type m struct {
g0 *g // 带有调度栈的goroutine
gsignal *g // 处理信号的goroutine
tls [6]uintptr // thread-local storage
mstartfn func()
curg *g // 当前运行的goroutine
caughtsig guintptr
p puintptr // 关联p和执行的go代码
nextp puintptr
id int32
mallocing int32 // 状态
spinning bool // m是否out of work
blocked bool // m是否被阻塞
inwb bool // m是否在执行写屏蔽
printlock int8
incgo bool // m在执行cgo吗
fastrand uint32
ncgocall uint64 // cgo调用的总数
ncgo int32 // 当前cgo调用的数目
park note
alllink *m // 用于链接allm
schedlink muintptr
mcache *mcache // 当前m的内存缓存
lockedg *g // 锁定g在当前m上执行，而不会切换到其他m
createstack [32]uintptr // thread创建的栈
}结构体M中有两个G是需要关注一下的:
- 一个是curg，代表结构体M当前绑定的结构体G。
- 另一个是g0，是带有调度栈的goroutine，这是一个比较特殊的goroutine。普通的goroutine的栈是在堆上分配的可增长的栈，而g0的栈是M对应的线程的栈。所有调度相关的代码，会先切换到该goroutine的栈中再执行。也就是说线程的栈也是用的g实现，而不是使用的OS的。
P结构体
type p struct {
lock mutex
id int32
status uint32 // 状态，可以为pidle/prunning/...
link puintptr
schedtick uint32 // 每调度一次加1
syscalltick uint32 // 每一次系统调用加1
sysmontick sysmontick
m muintptr // 回链到关联的m
mcache *mcache
racectx uintptr
goidcache uint64 // goroutine的ID的缓存
goidcacheend uint64
// 可运行的goroutine的队列
runqhead uint32
runqtail uint32
runq [256]guintptr
runnext guintptr // 下一个运行的g
sudogcache []*sudog
sudogbuf [128]*sudog
palloc persistentAlloc // per-P to avoid mutex
pad [sys.CacheLineSize]byte
}其中P的状态有Pidle, Prunning, Psyscall, Pgcstop, Pdead；在其内部队列runqhead里面有可运行的goroutine，P优先从内部获取执行的g，这样能够提高效率。
Schedt结构体
type schedt struct {
goidgen uint64
lastpoll uint64
lock mutex
midle muintptr // idle状态的m
nmidle int32 // idle状态的m个数
nmidlelocked int32 // lockde状态的m个数
mcount int32 // 创建的m的总数
maxmcount int32 // m允许的最大个数
ngsys uint32 // 系统中goroutine的数目，会自动更新
pidle puintptr // idle的p
npidle uint32
nmspinning uint32
// 全局的可运行的g队列
runqhead guintptr
runqtail guintptr
runqsize int32
// dead的G的全局缓存
gflock mutex
gfreeStack *g
gfreeNoStack *g
ngfree int32
// sudog的缓存中心
sudoglock mutex
sudogcache *sudog
}大多数需要的信息都已放在了结构体M、G和P中，schedt结构体只是一个壳。可以看到，其中有M的idle队列，P的idle队列，以及一个全局的就绪的G队列。schedt结构体中的Lock是非常必须的，如果M或P等做一些非局部的操作，它们一般需要先锁住调度器。
2.5具体函数
goroutine调度器的代码在/src/runtime/proc.go中，一些比较关键的函数分析如下。
2.5.1 schedule函数
schedule函数在runtime需要进行调度时执行，为当前的P寻找一个可以运行的G并执行它，寻找顺序如下：
- 1） 调用runqget函数来从P自己的runnable G队列中得到一个可以执行的G；
- 2） 如果1）失败，则调用findrunnable函数去寻找一个可以执行的G；
- 3） 如果2）也没有得到可以执行的G，那么结束调度，从上次的现场继续执行。
- 4） 注意）//偶尔会先检查一次全局可运行队列，以确保公平性。否则，两个goroutine可以完全占用本地runqueue。 通过 schedtick计数 %61来保证
代码如下：
// One round of scheduler: find a runnable goroutine and execute it.
// Never returns.
func schedule() {
_g_ := getg()
if _g_.m.locks != 0 {
throw("schedule: holding locks")
}
if _g_.m.lockedg != 0 {
stoplockedm()
execute(_g_.m.lockedg.ptr(), false) // Never returns.
}
// We should not schedule away from a g that is executing a cgo call,
// since the cgo call is using the m's g0 stack.
if _g_.m.incgo {
throw("schedule: in cgo")
}
top:
if sched.gcwaiting != 0 {
gcstopm()
goto top
}
if _g_.m.p.ptr().runSafePointFn != 0 {
runSafePointFn()
}
var gp *g
var inheritTime bool
if trace.enabled || trace.shutdown {
gp = traceReader()
if gp != nil {
casgstatus(gp, _Gwaiting, _Grunnable)
traceGoUnpark(gp, 0)
}
}
if gp == nil && gcBlackenEnabled != 0 {
gp = gcController.findRunnableGCWorker(_g_.m.p.ptr())
}
if gp == nil {
// Check the global runnable queue once in a while to ensure fairness.
// Otherwise two goroutines can completely occupy the local runqueue
// by constantly respawning each other.
if _g_.m.p.ptr().schedtick%61 == 0 && sched.runqsize > 0 {
lock(&sched.lock)
gp = globrunqget(_g_.m.p.ptr(), 1)
unlock(&sched.lock)
}
}
if gp == nil {
gp, inheritTime = runqget(_g_.m.p.ptr())
if gp != nil && _g_.m.spinning {
throw("schedule: spinning with local work")
}
}
if gp == nil {
gp, inheritTime = findrunnable() // blocks until work is available
}
// This thread is going to run a goroutine and is not spinning anymore,
// so if it was marked as spinning we need to reset it now and potentially
// start a new spinning M.
if _g_.m.spinning {
resetspinning()
}
if gp.lockedm != 0 {
// Hands off own p to the locked m,
// then blocks waiting for a new p.
startlockedm(gp)
goto top
}
execute(gp, inheritTime)
}2.5.2 findrunnable函数
findrunnable函数负责给一个P寻找可以执行的G，它的寻找顺序如下：
- 1） 调用runqget函数来从P自己的runnable G队列中得到一个可以执行的G；
- 2） 如果1）失败，调用globrunqget函数从全局runnableG队列中得到一个可以执行的G；
- 3） 如果2）失败，调用netpoll（非阻塞）函数取一个异步回调的G
- 4） 如果3）失败，尝试从其他P那里偷取一半数量的G过来；
- 5） 如果4）失败，再次调用globrunqget函数从全局runnableG队列中得到一个可以执行的G；
- 6） 如果5）失败，调用netpoll（阻塞）函数取一个异步回调的G；
- 7） 如果6）仍然没有取到G，那么调用stopm函数停止这个M。
代码如下：
// Finds a runnable goroutine to execute.
// Tries to steal from other P's, get g from global queue, poll network.
func findrunnable() (gp *g, inheritTime bool) {
_g_ := getg()
// The conditions here and in handoffp must agree: if
// findrunnable would return a G to run, handoffp must start
// an M.
top:
_p_ := _g_.m.p.ptr()
if sched.gcwaiting != 0 {
gcstopm()
goto top
}
if _p_.runSafePointFn != 0 {
runSafePointFn()
}
if fingwait && fingwake {
if gp := wakefing(); gp != nil {
ready(gp, 0, true)
}
}
if *cgo_yield != nil {
asmcgocall(*cgo_yield, nil)
}
// local runq
if gp, inheritTime := runqget(_p_); gp != nil {
return gp, inheritTime
}
// global runq
if sched.runqsize != 0 {
lock(&sched.lock)
gp := globrunqget(_p_, 0)
unlock(&sched.lock)
if gp != nil {
return gp, false
}
}
// Poll network.
// This netpoll is only an optimization before we resort to stealing.
// We can safely skip it if there are no waiters or a thread is blocked
// in netpoll already. If there is any kind of logical race with that
// blocked thread (e.g. it has already returned from netpoll, but does
// not set lastpoll yet), this thread will do blocking netpoll below
// anyway.
if netpollinited() && atomic.Load(&netpollWaiters) > 0 && atomic.Load64(&sched.lastpoll) != 0 {
if gp := netpoll(false); gp != nil { // non-blocking
// netpoll returns list of goroutines linked by schedlink.
injectglist(gp.schedlink.ptr())
casgstatus(gp, _Gwaiting, _Grunnable)
if trace.enabled {
traceGoUnpark(gp, 0)
}
return gp, false
}
}
// Steal work from other P's.
procs := uint32(gomaxprocs)
if atomic.Load(&sched.npidle) == procs-1 {
// Either GOMAXPROCS=1 or everybody, except for us, is idle already.
// New work can appear from returning syscall/cgocall, network or timers.
// Neither of that submits to local run queues, so no point in stealing.
goto stop
}
// If number of spinning M's >= number of busy P's, block.
// This is necessary to prevent excessive CPU consumption
// when GOMAXPROCS>>1 but the program parallelism is low.
if !_g_.m.spinning && 2*atomic.Load(&sched.nmspinning) >= procs-atomic.Load(&sched.npidle) {
goto stop
}
if !_g_.m.spinning {
_g_.m.spinning = true
atomic.Xadd(&sched.nmspinning, 1)
}
for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
for enum := stealOrder.start(fastrand()); !enum.done(); enum.next() {
if sched.gcwaiting != 0 {
goto top
}
stealRunNextG := i > 2 // first look for ready queues with more than 1 g
if gp := runqsteal(_p_, allp[enum.position()], stealRunNextG); gp != nil {
return gp, false
}
}
}
stop:
// We have nothing to do. If we're in the GC mark phase, can
// safely scan and blacken objects, and have work to do, run
// idle-time marking rather than give up the P.
if gcBlackenEnabled != 0 && _p_.gcBgMarkWorker != 0 && gcMarkWorkAvailable(_p_) {
_p_.gcMarkWorkerMode = gcMarkWorkerIdleMode
gp := _p_.gcBgMarkWorker.ptr()
casgstatus(gp, _Gwaiting, _Grunnable)
if trace.enabled {
traceGoUnpark(gp, 0)
}
return gp, false
}
// Before we drop our P, make a snapshot of the allp slice,
// which can change underfoot once we no longer block
// safe-points. We don't need to snapshot the contents because
// everything up to cap(allp) is immutable.
allpSnapshot := allp
// return P and block
lock(&sched.lock)
if sched.gcwaiting != 0 || _p_.runSafePointFn != 0 {
unlock(&sched.lock)
goto top
}
if sched.runqsize != 0 {
gp := globrunqget(_p_, 0)
unlock(&sched.lock)
return gp, false
}
if releasep() != _p_ {
throw("findrunnable: wrong p")
}
pidleput(_p_)
unlock(&sched.lock)
// Delicate dance: thread transitions from spinning to non-spinning state,
// potentially concurrently with submission of new goroutines. We must
// drop nmspinning first and then check all per-P queues again (with
// #StoreLoad memory barrier in between). If we do it the other way around,
// another thread can submit a goroutine after we've checked all run queues
// but before we drop nmspinning; as the result nobody will unpark a thread
// to run the goroutine.
// If we discover new work below, we need to restore m.spinning as a signal
// for resetspinning to unpark a new worker thread (because there can be more
// than one starving goroutine). However, if after discovering new work
// we also observe no idle Ps, it is OK to just park the current thread:
// the system is fully loaded so no spinning threads are required.
// Also see "Worker thread parking/unparking" comment at the top of the file.
wasSpinning := _g_.m.spinning
if _g_.m.spinning {
_g_.m.spinning = false
if int32(atomic.Xadd(&sched.nmspinning, -1)) < 0 {
throw("findrunnable: negative nmspinning")
}
}
// check all runqueues once again
for _, _p_ := range allpSnapshot {
if !runqempty(_p_) {
lock(&sched.lock)
_p_ = pidleget()
unlock(&sched.lock)
if _p_ != nil {
acquirep(_p_)
if wasSpinning {
_g_.m.spinning = true
atomic.Xadd(&sched.nmspinning, 1)
}
goto top
}
break
}
}
// Check for idle-priority GC work again.
if gcBlackenEnabled != 0 && gcMarkWorkAvailable(nil) {
lock(&sched.lock)
_p_ = pidleget()
if _p_ != nil && _p_.gcBgMarkWorker == 0 {
pidleput(_p_)
_p_ = nil
}
unlock(&sched.lock)
if _p_ != nil {
acquirep(_p_)
if wasSpinning {
_g_.m.spinning = true
atomic.Xadd(&sched.nmspinning, 1)
}
// Go back to idle GC check.
goto stop
}
}
// poll network
if netpollinited() && atomic.Load(&netpollWaiters) > 0 && atomic.Xchg64(&sched.lastpoll, 0) != 0 {
if _g_.m.p != 0 {
throw("findrunnable: netpoll with p")
}
if _g_.m.spinning {
throw("findrunnable: netpoll with spinning")
}
gp := netpoll(true) // block until new work is available
atomic.Store64(&sched.lastpoll, uint64(nanotime()))
if gp != nil {
lock(&sched.lock)
_p_ = pidleget()
unlock(&sched.lock)
if _p_ != nil {
acquirep(_p_)
injectglist(gp.schedlink.ptr())
casgstatus(gp, _Gwaiting, _Grunnable)
if trace.enabled {
traceGoUnpark(gp, 0)
}
return gp, false
}
injectglist(gp)
}
}
stopm()
goto top
}2.5.3 newproc函数
newproc函数负责创建一个可以运行的G并将其放在当前的P的runnable G队列中，它是类似”go func() { … }”语句真正被编译器翻译后的调用，核心代码在newproc1函数。这个函数执行顺序如下：
- 1） 获得当前的G所在的 P，然后从free G队列中取出一个G；
- 2） 如果1）取到则对这个G进行参数配置，否则新建一个G；
- 3） 将G加入P的runnable G队列。
代码如下：
// Go1.10.8版本默认stack大小为2KB
_StackMin = 2048
// 创建一个g对象,然后放到g队列
// 等待被执行
// Create a new g running fn with narg bytes of arguments starting
// at argp. callerpc is the address of the go statement that created
// this. The new g is put on the queue of g's waiting to run.
func newproc1(fn *funcval, argp *uint8, narg int32, callerpc uintptr) {
_g_ := getg()
if fn == nil {
_g_.m.throwing = -1 // do not dump full stacks
throw("go of nil func value")
}
_g_.m.locks++ // disable preemption because it can be holding p in a local var
siz := narg
siz = (siz + 7) &^ 7
// We could allocate a larger initial stack if necessary.
// Not worth it: this is almost always an error.
// 4*sizeof(uintreg): extra space added below
// sizeof(uintreg): caller's LR (arm) or return address (x86, in gostartcall).
if siz >= _StackMin-4*sys.RegSize-sys.RegSize {
throw("newproc: function arguments too large for new goroutine")
}
_p_ := _g_.m.p.ptr()
newg := gfget(_p_)
if newg == nil {
newg = malg(_StackMin)
casgstatus(newg, _Gidle, _Gdead)
allgadd(newg) // publishes with a g->status of Gdead so GC scanner doesn't look at uninitialized stack.
}
if newg.stack.hi == 0 {
throw("newproc1: newg missing stack")
}
if readgstatus(newg) != _Gdead {
throw("newproc1: new g is not Gdead")
}
totalSize := 4*sys.RegSize + uintptr(siz) + sys.MinFrameSize // extra space in case of reads slightly beyond frame
totalSize += -totalSize & (sys.SpAlign - 1) // align to spAlign
sp := newg.stack.hi - totalSize
spArg := sp
if usesLR {
// caller's LR
*(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(sp)) = 0
prepGoExitFrame(sp)
spArg += sys.MinFrameSize
}
if narg > 0 {
memmove(unsafe.Pointer(spArg), unsafe.Pointer(argp), uintptr(narg))
// This is a stack-to-stack copy. If write barriers
// are enabled and the source stack is grey (the
// destination is always black), then perform a
// barrier copy. We do this *after* the memmove
// because the destination stack may have garbage on
// it.
if writeBarrier.needed && !_g_.m.curg.gcscandone {
f := findfunc(fn.fn)
stkmap := (*stackmap)(funcdata(f, _FUNCDATA_ArgsPointerMaps))
// We're in the prologue, so it's always stack map index 0.
bv := stackmapdata(stkmap, 0)
bulkBarrierBitmap(spArg, spArg, uintptr(narg), 0, bv.bytedata)
}
}
memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(&newg.sched), unsafe.Sizeof(newg.sched))
newg.sched.sp = sp
newg.stktopsp = sp
newg.sched.pc = funcPC(goexit) + sys.PCQuantum // +PCQuantum so that previous instruction is in same function
newg.sched.g = guintptr(unsafe.Pointer(newg))
gostartcallfn(&newg.sched, fn)
newg.gopc = callerpc
newg.startpc = fn.fn
if _g_.m.curg != nil {
newg.labels = _g_.m.curg.labels
}
if isSystemGoroutine(newg) {
atomic.Xadd(&sched.ngsys, +1)
}
newg.gcscanvalid = false
casgstatus(newg, _Gdead, _Grunnable)
if _p_.goidcache == _p_.goidcacheend {
// Sched.goidgen is the last allocated id,
// this batch must be [sched.goidgen+1, sched.goidgen+GoidCacheBatch].
// At startup sched.goidgen=0, so main goroutine receives goid=1.
_p_.goidcache = atomic.Xadd64(&sched.goidgen, _GoidCacheBatch)
_p_.goidcache -= _GoidCacheBatch - 1
_p_.goidcacheend = _p_.goidcache + _GoidCacheBatch
}
newg.goid = int64(_p_.goidcache)
_p_.goidcache++
if raceenabled {
newg.racectx = racegostart(callerpc)
}
if trace.enabled {
traceGoCreate(newg, newg.startpc)
}
runqput(_p_, newg, true)
if atomic.Load(&sched.npidle) != 0 && atomic.Load(&sched.nmspinning) == 0 && mainStarted {
wakep()
}
_g_.m.locks--
if _g_.m.locks == 0 && _g_.preempt { // restore the preemption request in case we've cleared it in newstack
_g_.stackguard0 = stackPreempt
}
}2.5.4 goexit0函数
goexit函数是当G退出时调用的。这个函数对G进行一些设置后，将它放入free G列表中，供以后复用，之后调用schedule函数调度。
// goexit continuation on g0.
func goexit0(gp *g) {
_g_ := getg()
//设置g的 status从 _Grunning变为 _Gdead
casgstatus(gp, _Grunning, _Gdead)
if isSystemGoroutine(gp) {
atomic.Xadd(&sched.ngsys, -1)
}
//对该g 进行释放设置 基本为nil /0
gp.m = nil
locked := gp.lockedm != 0
gp.lockedm = 0
_g_.m.lockedg = 0
gp.paniconfault = false
gp._defer = nil // should be true already but just in case.
gp._panic = nil // non-nil for Goexit during panic. points at stack-allocated data.
gp.writebuf = nil
gp.waitreason = ""
gp.param = nil
gp.labels = nil
gp.timer = nil
if gcBlackenEnabled != 0 && gp.gcAssistBytes > 0 {
// Flush assist credit to the global pool. This gives
// better information to pacing if the application is
// rapidly creating an exiting goroutines.
scanCredit := int64(gcController.assistWorkPerByte * float64(gp.gcAssistBytes))
atomic.Xaddint64(&gcController.bgScanCredit, scanCredit)
gp.gcAssistBytes = 0
}
// Note that gp's stack scan is now "valid" because it has no
// stack.
gp.gcscanvalid = true
dropg()
if _g_.m.lockedInt != 0 {
print("invalid m->lockedInt = ", _g_.m.lockedInt, "\n")
throw("internal lockOSThread error")
}
_g_.m.lockedExt = 0
//把这个g 推到free G 列表
gfput(_g_.m.p.ptr(), gp)
if locked {
// The goroutine may have locked this thread because
// it put it in an unusual kernel state. Kill it
// rather than returning it to the thread pool.
// Return to mstart, which will release the P and exit
// the thread.
if GOOS != "plan9" { // See golang.org/issue/22227.
gogo(&_g_.m.g0.sched)
}
}
schedule()
}2.5.5 handoffp函数
handoffp函数将P从系统调用或阻塞的M中传递出去，如果P还有runnable G队列，那么新开一个M，调用startm函数，新开的M不空旋。
// Hands off P from syscall or locked M.
// Always runs without a P, so write barriers are not allowed.
//go:nowritebarrierrec
func handoffp(_p_ *p) {
// handoffp must start an M in any situation where
// findrunnable would return a G to run on _p_.
//如果这个P的队列不为空或调度内的size不为空 那么 进行startm 且不空旋
if !runqempty(_p_) || sched.runqsize != 0 {
startm(_p_, false)
return
}
//如果正在进行GC处理 同上
if gcBlackenEnabled != 0 && gcMarkWorkAvailable(_p_) {
startm(_p_, false)
return
}
//如果没活可做了，检查下有没有 空闲/自旋的 M
//否则 不需要我们做自旋
if atomic.Load(&sched.nmspinning)+atomic.Load(&sched.npidle) == 0 && atomic.Cas(&sched.nmspinning, 0, 1) { // TODO: fast atomic
startm(_p_, true)
return
}
//调度上锁 将这个P 摘除走
lock(&sched.lock)
if sched.gcwaiting != 0 {
_p_.status = _Pgcstop
sched.stopwait--
if sched.stopwait == 0 {
notewakeup(&sched.stopnote)
}
unlock(&sched.lock)
return
}
if _p_.runSafePointFn != 0 && atomic.Cas(&_p_.runSafePointFn, 1, 0) {
sched.safePointFn(_p_)
sched.safePointWait--
if sched.safePointWait == 0 {
notewakeup(&sched.safePointNote)
}
}
if sched.runqsize != 0 {
unlock(&sched.lock)
startm(_p_, false)
return
}
// If this is the last running P and nobody is polling network,
// need to wakeup another M to poll network.
if sched.npidle == uint32(gomaxprocs-1) && atomic.Load64(&sched.lastpoll) != 0 {
unlock(&sched.lock)
startm(_p_, false)
return
}
pidleput(_p_)
unlock(&sched.lock)
}2.5.6 startm函数
startm函数调度一个M或者必要时创建一个M来运行指定的P。
// Schedules some M to run the p (creates an M if necessary).
// If p==nil, tries to get an idle P, if no idle P's does nothing.
// May run with m.p==nil, so write barriers are not allowed.
// If spinning is set, the caller has incremented nmspinning and startm will
// either decrement nmspinning or set m.spinning in the newly started M.
//go:nowritebarrierrec
func startm(_p_ *p, spinning bool) {
//加锁
lock(&sched.lock)
if _p_ == nil {
_p_ = pidleget()
if _p_ == nil {
unlock(&sched.lock)
if spinning {
// The caller incremented nmspinning, but there are no idle Ps,
// so it's okay to just undo the increment and give up.
if int32(atomic.Xadd(&sched.nmspinning, -1)) < 0 {
throw("startm: negative nmspinning")
}
}
return
}
}
mp := mget()
unlock(&sched.lock)
if mp == nil {
var fn func()
if spinning {
// The caller incremented nmspinning, so set m.spinning in the new M.
fn = mspinning
}
newm(fn, _p_)
return
}
if mp.spinning {
throw("startm: m is spinning")
}
if mp.nextp != 0 {
throw("startm: m has p")
}
if spinning && !runqempty(_p_) {
throw("startm: p has runnable gs")
}
// The caller incremented nmspinning, so set m.spinning in the new M.
mp.spinning = spinning
mp.nextp.set(_p_)
notewakeup(&mp.park)
}2.5.7 sysmon函数
sysmon函数是Go runtime启动时创建的，负责监控所有goroutine的状态，判断是否需要GC，进行netpoll等操作。sysmon函数中会调用retake函数进行抢占式调度。
// Always runs without a P, so write barriers are not allowed.
//
//go:nowritebarrierrec
func sysmon() {
lock(&sched.lock)
sched.nmsys++
checkdead()
unlock(&sched.lock)
// If a heap span goes unused for 5 minutes after a garbage collection,
// we hand it back to the operating system.
scavengelimit := int64(5 * 60 * 1e9)
if debug.scavenge > 0 {
// Scavenge-a-lot for testing.
forcegcperiod = 10 * 1e6
scavengelimit = 20 * 1e6
}
lastscavenge := nanotime()
nscavenge := 0
lasttrace := int64(0)
idle := 0 // how many cycles in succession we had not wokeup somebody
delay := uint32(0)
for {
if idle == 0 { // start with 20us sleep...
delay = 20
} else if idle > 50 { // start doubling the sleep after 1ms...
delay *= 2
}
if delay > 10*1000 { // up to 10ms
delay = 10 * 1000
}
usleep(delay)
if debug.schedtrace <= 0 && (sched.gcwaiting != 0 || atomic.Load(&sched.npidle) == uint32(gomaxprocs)) {
lock(&sched.lock)
if atomic.Load(&sched.gcwaiting) != 0 || atomic.Load(&sched.npidle) == uint32(gomaxprocs) {
atomic.Store(&sched.sysmonwait, 1)
unlock(&sched.lock)
// Make wake-up period small enough
// for the sampling to be correct.
maxsleep := forcegcperiod / 2
if scavengelimit < forcegcperiod {
maxsleep = scavengelimit / 2
}
shouldRelax := true
if osRelaxMinNS > 0 {
next := timeSleepUntil()
now := nanotime()
if next-now < osRelaxMinNS {
shouldRelax = false
}
}
if shouldRelax {
osRelax(true)
}
notetsleep(&sched.sysmonnote, maxsleep)
if shouldRelax {
osRelax(false)
}
lock(&sched.lock)
atomic.Store(&sched.sysmonwait, 0)
noteclear(&sched.sysmonnote)
idle = 0
delay = 20
}
unlock(&sched.lock)
}
// trigger libc interceptors if needed
if *cgo_yield != nil {
asmcgocall(*cgo_yield, nil)
}
// poll network if not polled for more than 10ms
lastpoll := int64(atomic.Load64(&sched.lastpoll))
now := nanotime()
if netpollinited() && lastpoll != 0 && lastpoll+10*1000*1000 < now {
atomic.Cas64(&sched.lastpoll, uint64(lastpoll), uint64(now))
gp := netpoll(false) // non-blocking - returns list of goroutines
if gp != nil {
// Need to decrement number of idle locked M's
// (pretending that one more is running) before injectglist.
// Otherwise it can lead to the following situation:
// injectglist grabs all P's but before it starts M's to run the P's,
// another M returns from syscall, finishes running its G,
// observes that there is no work to do and no other running M's
// and reports deadlock.
incidlelocked(-1)
injectglist(gp)
incidlelocked(1)
}
}
// retake P's blocked in syscalls
// and preempt long running G's
if retake(now) != 0 {
idle = 0
} else {
idle++
}
// check if we need to force a GC
if t := (gcTrigger{kind: gcTriggerTime, now: now}); t.test() && atomic.Load(&forcegc.idle) != 0 {
lock(&forcegc.lock)
forcegc.idle = 0
forcegc.g.schedlink = 0
injectglist(forcegc.g)
unlock(&forcegc.lock)
}
// scavenge heap once in a while
if lastscavenge+scavengelimit/2 < now {
mheap_.scavenge(int32(nscavenge), uint64(now), uint64(scavengelimit))
lastscavenge = now
nscavenge++
}
if debug.schedtrace > 0 && lasttrace+int64(debug.schedtrace)*1000000 <= now {
lasttrace = now
schedtrace(debug.scheddetail > 0)
}
}
}2.5.8 retake函数
枚举所有的P 如果P在系统调用中(_Psyscall), 且经过了一次sysmon循环(20us~10ms), 则抢占这个P， 调用handoffp解除M和P之间的关联， 如果P在运行中(_Prunning), 且经过了一次sysmon循环并且G运行时间超过forcePreemptNS(10ms), 则抢占这个P
并设置g.preempt = true，g.stackguard0 = stackPreempt。
为什么设置了stackguard就可以实现抢占?
因为这个值用于检查当前栈空间是否足够, go函数的开头会比对这个值判断是否需要扩张栈。
newstack函数判断g.stackguard0等于stackPreempt, 就知道这是抢占触发的, 这时会再检查一遍是否要抢占。
抢占机制保证了不会有一个G长时间的运行导致其他G无法运行的情况发生。
func retake(now int64) uint32 {
n := 0
// Prevent allp slice changes. This lock will be completely
// uncontended unless we're already stopping the world.
lock(&allpLock)
// We can't use a range loop over allp because we may
// temporarily drop the allpLock. Hence, we need to re-fetch
// allp each time around the loop.
for i := 0; i < len(allp); i++ {
_p_ := allp[i]
if _p_ == nil {
// This can happen if procresize has grown
// allp but not yet created new Ps.
continue
}
pd := &_p_.sysmontick
s := _p_.status
if s == _Psyscall {
// Retake P from syscall if it's there for more than 1 sysmon tick (at least 20us).
t := int64(_p_.syscalltick)
if int64(pd.syscalltick) != t {
pd.syscalltick = uint32(t)
pd.syscallwhen = now
continue
}
// On the one hand we don't want to retake Ps if there is no other work to do,
// but on the other hand we want to retake them eventually
// because they can prevent the sysmon thread from deep sleep.
if runqempty(_p_) && atomic.Load(&sched.nmspinning)+atomic.Load(&sched.npidle) > 0 && pd.syscallwhen+10*1000*1000 > now {
continue
}
// Drop allpLock so we can take sched.lock.
unlock(&allpLock)
// Need to decrement number of idle locked M's
// (pretending that one more is running) before the CAS.
// Otherwise the M from which we retake can exit the syscall,
// increment nmidle and report deadlock.
incidlelocked(-1)
if atomic.Cas(&_p_.status, s, _Pidle) {
if trace.enabled {
traceGoSysBlock(_p_)
traceProcStop(_p_)
}
n++
_p_.syscalltick++
handoffp(_p_)
}
incidlelocked(1)
lock(&allpLock)
} else if s == _Prunning {
// Preempt G if it's running for too long.
t := int64(_p_.schedtick)
if int64(pd.schedtick) != t {
pd.schedtick = uint32(t)
pd.schedwhen = now
continue
}
if pd.schedwhen+forcePreemptNS > now {
continue
}
preemptone(_p_)
}
}
unlock(&allpLock)
return uint32(n)
}3、调度器总结
3.1 调度器的两大思想
- 复用线程：协程本身就是运行在一组线程之上，不需要频繁的创建、销毁线程，而是对线程的复用。在调度器中复用线程还有2个体现：1）work stealing，当本线程无可运行的G时，尝试从其他线程绑定的P偷取G，而不是销毁线程。2）handoff，当本线程因为G进行系统调用阻塞时，线程释放绑定的P，把P转移给其他空闲的线程执行。
- 利用并行：GOMAXPROCS设置P的数量，当GOMAXPROCS大于1时，就最多有GOMAXPROCS个线程处于运行状态，这些线程可能分布在多个CPU核上同时运行，使得并发利用并行。另外，GOMAXPROCS也限制了并发的程度，比如GOMAXPROCS = 核数/2，则最多利用了一半的CPU核进行并行。
3.2调度器的两小策略：
- 抢占：在coroutine中要等待一个协程主动让出CPU才执行下一个协程，在Go中，一个goroutine最多占用CPU 10ms，防止其他goroutine被饿死，这就是goroutine不同于coroutine的一个地方。
- 全局G队列：在新的调度器中依然有全局G队列，但功能已经被弱化了，当M执行work stealing从其他P偷不到G时，它可以从全局G队列获取G。
4、参考资料
- Golang代码仓库：https://github.com/golang/go
- 《ScalableGo Schedule》：https://docs.google.com/docum…
- 《GoPreemptive Scheduler》：https://docs.google.com/docum…
- 《Go语言高阶：调度器系列（1）起源》 http://lessisbetter.site/2019…
- 网上文章:
https://studygolang.com/artic…
https://studygolang.com/artic…
https://studygolang.com/artic…
https://studygolang.com/artic…
https://studygolang.com/artic… 调度实例分析
https://www.cnblogs.com/sunsk… 抢占式
https://blog.csdn.net/u010853… schedule 剖析理解 分析的很到位–建议大家认真阅读几遍-因为图形很形象。
