神经网络(BP)算法Python实现及简单应用

首先用Python实现简单地神经网络算法:

import numpy as np


# 定义tanh函数
def tanh(x):
    return np.tanh(x)


# tanh函数的导数
def tan_deriv(x):
    return 1.0 - np.tanh(x) * np.tan(x)


# sigmoid函数
def logistic(x):
    return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))


# sigmoid函数的导数
def logistic_derivative(x):
    return logistic(x) * (1 - logistic(x))


class NeuralNetwork:
    def __init__(self, layers, activation='tanh'):
        """
        神经网络算法构造函数
        :param layers: 神经元层数
        :param activation: 使用的函数(默认tanh函数)
        :return:none
        """
        if activation == 'logistic':
            self.activation = logistic
            self.activation_deriv = logistic_derivative
        elif activation == 'tanh':
            self.activation = tanh
            self.activation_deriv = tan_deriv

        # 权重列表
        self.weights = []
        # 初始化权重(随机)
        for i in range(1, len(layers) - 1):
            self.weights.append((2 * np.random.random((layers[i - 1] + 1, layers[i] + 1)) - 1) * 0.25)
            self.weights.append((2 * np.random.random((layers[i] + 1, layers[i + 1])) - 1) * 0.25)

    def fit(self, X, y, learning_rate=0.2, epochs=10000):
        """
        训练神经网络
        :param X: 数据集(通常是二维)
        :param y: 分类标记
        :param learning_rate: 学习率(默认0.2)
        :param epochs: 训练次数(最大循环次数,默认10000)
        :return: none
        """
        # 确保数据集是二维的
        X = np.atleast_2d(X)

        temp = np.ones([X.shape[0], X.shape[1] + 1])
        temp[:, 0: -1] = X
        X = temp
        y = np.array(y)

        for k in range(epochs):
            # 随机抽取X的一行
            i = np.random.randint(X.shape[0])
            # 用随机抽取的这一组数据对神经网络更新
            a = [X[i]]
            # 正向更新
            for l in range(len(self.weights)):
                a.append(self.activation(np.dot(a[l], self.weights[l])))
            error = y[i] - a[-1]
            deltas = [error * self.activation_deriv(a[-1])]

            # 反向更新
            for l in range(len(a) - 2, 0, -1):
                deltas.append(deltas[-1].dot(self.weights[l].T) * self.activation_deriv(a[l]))
                deltas.reverse()
            for i in range(len(self.weights)):
                layer = np.atleast_2d(a[i])
                delta = np.atleast_2d(deltas[i])
                self.weights[i] += learning_rate * layer.T.dot(delta)

    def predict(self, x):
        x = np.array(x)
        temp = np.ones(x.shape[0] + 1)
        temp[0:-1] = x
        a = temp
        for l in range(0, len(self.weights)):
            a = self.activation(np.dot(a, self.weights[l]))
        return a

 

 

 

使用自己定义的神经网络算法实现一些简单的功能:

 小案例:

X:                  Y 0 0                 0 0 1                 1 1 0                 1 1 1                 0  

from NN.NeuralNetwork import NeuralNetwork
import numpy as np

nn = NeuralNetwork([2, 2, 1], 'tanh')
temp = [[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1]]
X = np.array(temp)
y = np.array([0, 1, 1, 0])
nn.fit(X, y)
for i in temp:
    print(i, nn.predict(i))

《神经网络(BP)算法Python实现及简单应用》

 

发现结果基本机制,无限接近0或者无限接近1

 

第二个例子:识别图片中的数字

导入数据:

from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
import pylab as pl

digits = load_digits()
print(digits.data.shape)
pl.gray()
pl.matshow(digits.images[0])
pl.show()

 

观察下:大小:(1797, 64)

数字0

《神经网络(BP)算法Python实现及简单应用》

 

接下来的代码是识别它们:

import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, classification_report
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelBinarizer
from NN.NeuralNetwork import NeuralNetwork
from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split

# 加载数据集
digits = load_digits()
X = digits.data
y = digits.target
# 处理数据,使得数据处于0,1之间,满足神经网络算法的要求
X -= X.min()
X /= X.max()

# 层数:
# 输出层10个数字
# 输入层64因为图片是8*8的,64像素
# 隐藏层假设100
nn = NeuralNetwork([64, 100, 10], 'logistic')
# 分隔训练集和测试集
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y)

# 转化成sklearn需要的二维数据类型
labels_train = LabelBinarizer().fit_transform(y_train)
labels_test = LabelBinarizer().fit_transform(y_test)
print("start fitting")
# 训练3000次
nn.fit(X_train, labels_train, epochs=3000)
predictions = []
for i in range(X_test.shape[0]):
    o = nn.predict(X_test[i])
    # np.argmax:第几个数对应最大概率值
    predictions.append(np.argmax(o))

# 打印预测相关信息
print(confusion_matrix(y_test, predictions))
print(classification_report(y_test, predictions))

 

结果:

矩阵对角线代表预测正确的数量,发现正确率很多

《神经网络(BP)算法Python实现及简单应用》

 

这张表更直观地显示出预测正确率:

共450个案例,成功率94%

《神经网络(BP)算法Python实现及简单应用》

 

    原文作者:神经网络
    原文地址: https://www.cnblogs.com/xuyiqing/p/8797048.html
    本文转自网络文章,转载此文章仅为分享知识,如有侵权,请联系博主进行删除。
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