在某些情况下,为什么Ruby的Hash#值比Hash#each_value更快?

当我将each_value应用于散列时,它比使用值时要长得多,即使each_value表面上避免分配和复制数组.

我写了一个简单的比较:

require 'benchmark/ips'

some_hash = File.open('with_an.dat') { |f| Marshal.load f }

Benchmark.ips do |x|
  x.report "calling each_value" do
    some_hash.each_value
  end
  x.report "calling values" do
    some_hash.values
  end
  x.compare!
end

Benchmark.ips do |x|
  x.report "summing each_value" do
    some_hash.each_value.inject &:+
  end
  x.report "summing values" do
    some_hash.values.inject &:+
  end
  x.compare!
end

以下是结果:

Calculating -------------------------------------
  calling each_value    58.166k i/100ms
      calling values     2.000  i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
  calling each_value      1.312M (±40.7%) i/s -      5.468M
      calling values     29.423  (±10.2%) i/s -    146.000 

Comparison:
  calling each_value:  1312156.6 i/s
      calling values:       29.4 i/s - 44596.28x slower

Calculating -------------------------------------
  summing each_value     1.000  i/100ms
      summing values     1.000  i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
  summing each_value      2.107  (± 0.0%) i/s -     11.000 
      summing values      8.002  (±12.5%) i/s -     40.000 

Comparison:
      summing values:        8.0 i/s
  summing each_value:        2.1 i/s - 3.80x slower

正如所料,只是调用每个方法,each_value要快得多,因为它只需要创建一个Enumerator,并且实际上不会遍历哈希表.同时,值必须复制整个数组.

然而,当我添加值时,似乎each_value方法比值方法慢3倍.那为什么会这样?

最佳答案 迭代哈希比迭代数组更慢:

 ▶ Benchmark.bm do |x|
 ▷   x.report do
 ▷     n.times do
 ▷       {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5}.inject(1) { |memo, (_, v)| memo * v }
 ▷     end
 ▷   end
 ▷   x.report do
 ▷     n.times do
 ▷       [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].inject(1) { |memo, v| memo * v }
 ▷     end
 ▷   end
 ▷ end

 #⇒      user     system      total        real
 #⇒  0.700000   0.010000   0.710000 (  0.712821)
 #⇒  0.340000   0.000000   0.340000 (  0.349040)

通过调用each_value实际上迭代原始Hash实例,同时通过调用values.each迭代正在Array实例上完成(值.)

要回答“为什么会这样”的问题,我们应该看看不同ruby版本的rb_hash_foreach和rb_array_foreach本机实现.

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