关于线程的同步，可以使用synchronized关键字，或者是使用JDK 5中提供的java.util.concurrent.lock包中的Lock对象。本文探讨Lock对象。

synchronized与java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock 的相同点：Lock能完成synchronized所实现的所有功能；主要不同点：Lock有比synchronized更精确的线程语义和更好的性能。synchronized会自动释放锁，而Lock一定要求程序员手工释放， 并且必须在finally从句中释放。

一：先来一段简单的代码

这段代码以前曾经用synchronized关键字实现同步（Java：多线程，线程同步，synchronized关键字的用法（同步代码块、非静态同步方法、静态同步方法）)，现在用Lock对象实现：

package com.clzhang.sample.thread;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class LockThread1 implements Runnable {
    private Integer key = 0;
    
    // 锁对象
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();  

    @Override
    public void run() {
        // 需要结果是key实现自增长，如果没有同步块，则可能会出现重复key值的现象
        lock.lock();
        try {
            key++;
            
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + key);
            try {
                Thread.sleep(10);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            }
        }finally{
            // 上述代码实现功能与使用sychronized同步代码块一样。
            // sychronized同步代码块或同步方法在代码执行完之后锁自动释放；而用Lock则需要手工释放锁。
            // 为了保证锁最终被释放，释放锁代码放在finally块内。 
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LockThread1 lt = new LockThread1();
        
        for(int i=0; i<100; i++) {
            new Thread(lt, "Thread" + i).start();
        }
    }
}

部分输出：
Thread86:95
Thread88:96
Thread90:97
Thread98:98
Thread92:99
Thread96:100

二：再来一段稍复杂的代码

package com.clzhang.sample.thread;

import java.util.*;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class LockThread2 implements Runnable {
    // 内部类
    class Student {
        private int age = 0;
        public int getAge() {
            return age;
        }
        public void setAge(int age) {
            this.age = age;
        }
    }

    // 全局变量定义
    private int count = 0;
    private Student student = new Student();

    // 锁对象
    private Lock lock1 = new ReentrantLock(false);
    private Lock lock2 = new ReentrantLock(false);

    @Override
    public void run() {
        String currentThreadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is running!");
        
        lock1.lock();// 使用重入锁
        System.out.println(currentThreadName + " got lock1@Step1!");
        try {
            count++;
            Thread.sleep(3000);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            System.out.println(currentThreadName + " first:count=" + count + "\tage=" + this.student.getAge());
            lock1.unlock();
        }

        
        lock2.lock();// 使用另外一个不同的重入锁
        System.out.println(currentThreadName + " got lock2@Step2!");
        try {
            Random random = new Random();
            int age = random.nextInt(100);
            this.student.setAge(age);
            Thread.sleep(3000);
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            System.out.println(currentThreadName + " second:count=" + count + "\tage=" + this.student.getAge());
            lock2.unlock();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LockThread2 lt = new LockThread2();
        for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
            Thread t = new Thread(lt, "Thread" + i);
            t.start();
        }
    }
}

输出：

Thread1 is running!
Thread1 got lock1@Step1!  　　　　　　 // 线程1获取锁1
Thread3 is running!
Thread2 is running!
Thread1 first:count=1 age=0  
Thread3 got lock1@Step1!  
Thread1 got lock2@Step2!  　　　　　　 // 线程3、1分别获取锁1、2
Thread3 first:count=2 age=13
Thread1 second:count=2 age=13  　　 // count值已经被线程3更改；age是自己设置的。
Thread3 got lock2@Step2!
Thread2 got lock1@Step1!  　　　　　　// 线程3、2分别获取锁2、1
Thread2 first:count=3 age=34  
Thread3 second:count=3 age=34  　　 // count值已经被线程2更改；age是自己设置的。
Thread2 got lock2@Step2!  　　　　　　// 线程2获取锁2
Thread2 second:count=3 age=40 　　  // 没人改count值了；age是自己设置的。

参考：http://wenku.baidu.com/view/bba6ec24482fb4daa48d4b06.html

三：再来一段读写的代码

要求：写入和写入互斥，读取和写入互斥，读取和读取之间不互斥。

package com.clzhang.sample.thread;

import java.util.*;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;

public class LockThread3 implements Runnable {
    // 数据存放
    private StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

    // 锁对象
    private ReadWriteLock rwl = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();

    @Override
    public void run() {
        if (Thread.currentThread().getName().startsWith("Read")) {
            rwl.readLock().lock();// 取到读锁
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "正在读取...");
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(500);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }

                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "结果:" + sb.toString());
            } finally {
                rwl.readLock().unlock();// 释放读锁
            }
        } else if (Thread.currentThread().getName().startsWith("Write")) {
            rwl.writeLock().lock();// 取到写锁
            try {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "正在写入...");
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                String writeData = "" + new Random().nextInt(100);
                sb.append(writeData + ",");

                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "结果:" + writeData);
            } finally {
                rwl.writeLock().unlock();// 释放写锁
            }
        } else {
            // 啥也不做行不
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LockThread3 lt = new LockThread3();
        for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
            Thread t = new Thread(lt, "Write" + i);
            t.start();
        }
        for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
            Thread t = new Thread(lt, "Read" + i);
            t.start();
        }
    }
}

输出：

Write1正在写入…
Write1结果:25
Write0正在写入…
Write0结果:5
Read0正在读取…
Read2正在读取…
Read4正在读取…
Read2结果:25,5,
Read0结果:25,5,
Read4结果:25,5,
Write2正在写入…
Write2结果:77
Write4正在写入…
Write4结果:38
Read1正在读取…
Read3正在读取…
Read1结果:25,5,77,38,
Read3结果:25,5,77,38,
Write3正在写入…
Write3结果:77